Abstract Antibiotics released into the environment at low (sub-inhibitory) concentrations could select for antibiotic resistance that might disseminate to human microbiome. In this case, low-level anthropogenic sources of antibiotics would have a significant impact on health risk. order provide data necessary evaluation risk, we implemented river water microcosms both sub-inhibitory and inhibit...

Antibiotic-sensitive and -resistant bacteria coexist in natural environments with low, if detectable, antibiotic concentrations. Except possibly around localized antibiotic sources, where resistance can provide a strong advantage, bacterial fitness is dominated by stresses unaffected by resistance to the antibiotic. How do such mixed and heterogeneous conditions influence the selective advantag...

The aim of this study was to determine antibiotic resistance genes, phylogenetic groups and anti-microbial resistance patterns of Escherichia coli isolates from fecal samples of healthy pet cats in Kerman city. Ninety E. coli isolates were recovered from obtained rectal swabs. Antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolates against seven selected antibiotic was determined using ...

1. Appreciate the implications of antibiotic resistance. 2. Understand the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. 3. Understand which factors contribute to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. 4. Understand the important role of the pharmacist in the era of antibiotic resistance.