In this study, we leverage on the ancient Roman roads network as a source of exogenous variation to identify causal effect modern highways innovative performance Italian NUTS-3 regions. Empirical findings suggest that 10% increase in stock region generates an number patents about 3%–4%, over 5-year period. Further analysis suggests our can part be explained by reduction travel costs fosters col...

We examined the influence of both the proximity and extent of human developments and paved roads on the presence of the predatory, non-indigenous, red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta). This species was inadvertently introduced into the United States at the port of Mobile, Alabama, around 1930 and rapidly spread to many southeastern states, including Florida. More recently, S. invicta colo...

The effect of housing development and roads on the distribution of stone curlews in the Brecks. The effect of housing development and roads on the distribution of stone curlew 3 Summary We combine data describing the nest location of stone curlews with data on the locations of new housing, road data and traffic data to explore the effect of housing and roads on the spatial distribution of stone...

Existing standards and guidelines for the application of signs and markings are unsuited and inefficient for use on low-volume rural roads (less than 400 A D T ). T o alleviate this inadequacy, several potentially hazardous situations were evaluated to ascertain actual needs for signs and markings as they relate to economy and safety. These evaluations were based on recent research and on proba...

Previous research has shown that forest roads are an important feature in many landscapes and have significant effects on wildfire ignition and cessation. However, forest road effects on burn severity have not been studied at the landscape level. Therefore, the overarching goal of our study is to identify the influences of road edge effects on the spatial patterns of burn severity. We analyzed ...

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of various studies which have been made concerning lateral placement of vehicles on rural roads. The term “lateral placement,” as it is used throughout this report, is construed to mean the position of the vehicle on the road in relation to either the right edge of the pavement or to the centerline of the road. Only two-lane roads will be cons...

The global road network is expanding at an unprecedented rate, threatening the persistence of many species. Yet, even for most endangered wildlife, crucial information on distance up to which roads impact species abundance lacking. Here we use ecological threshold analysis quantify road-effect zone (REZ) critically western chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus). We found: (1) REZ extends 5.4 km (95...

â  industrial site selection is a complicated decision and is related to various factors, so it is kind of multi-criteria decision analysis which is used for prioritizing different factors and selecting the best alternative among possible alternatives. in fact by scientific site selection, it is possible to minimize negative impacts of industrial construction and going towards sustainable devel...

BACKGROUND Atmospheric pollution is a major public health concern. It can affect placental function and restricts fetal growth. However, scientific knowledge remains too limited to make inferences regarding causal associations between maternal exposure to air pollution and adverse effects on pregnancy. This study evaluated the association between low birth weight (LBW) and maternal exposure dur...

BACKGROUND The 5(th) Iran National Development Plan, 2011-2015, has emphasized on expansion of rural asphalt roads. This article aims to illustrate the trend of deaths caused by rural road traffic crashes (RTCs) and its association with length of the rural roads in Iran. METHODS We carried out a retrospective analysis on secondary data for the period from 2005 to 2010. The Iranian Forensic Me...