Bioinformatics as a formal discipline came of age in the late 1980s, greatly stimulated by the 1989 Human Genome Initiative. The roots of the field go back several decades earlier, however, to an era when computers were not needed to manage the data. In this personal reflection, I review the confluence of events beginning in the 1950s that brought a number of fields together in a common pursuit...

Widespread inflammation of the walls of small arteries, either in the form of classical polyarteritis nodosa or as a generalized arteritis, has been described as a result of sensitization of the human body to a variety of antigens. Many of these have not been of a protein nature, and then it is assumed that the incriminated substance has acquired its antigenic properties by becoming linked to a...

There are two general types of metabolism experiments: those of relatively short duration covering several periods, each from a few days to a week in length; and those carried out over as long a period as possible. As examples of the first type we have such investigations as the study of the effect of a given substance upon the nitrogenous equilibrium, or the study of the ability of the animal ...

In a microscopic study of living tissues stained with the phthaleins one sees no sign that the coloration is due to accumulation of the indicator upon special cytoplasmic substances. I t is true that under certain circumstances a segregation of phthalein within cell vacuoles may occur; 1 but ordinarily the staining appears diffuse, and only in the case of bone ceils and cartilage cells do the f...

White matter (WM) tracts are bundles of myelinated axons that provide for rapid communication throughout the CNS and integration in grey matter (GM). The main cells in myelinated tracts are oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, with small populations of microglia and oligodendrocyte precursor cells. The prominence of neurotransmitter signaling in WM, which largely exclude neuronal cell bodies, indic...

To the Editor, "Indian Medical Gazette." Sir,?In my report of the case of the infant with the tight foreskin producing suspended respiration and diminished action of the heart, an extraordinary peculiarity of symptom was inadvertently omitted. The day after the operation of slitting up the foreskin, the urine assumed a claret colour and Btained the bed-clothes for several days, lhis passed off ...

Dear Sik,?Allow me to invite through your columns the attention of members of the Medical Profession, and especially Service Medical Officers, in India, to the fact that so far the great majority of them have not responsed to the appeal for support to the forthcoming Indian Medical Congrpss in Bombay. I am far from thinking that there can be such apathy or want of enterprise among our thousands...

The purpose of the experiments which will be described has been to determine the effect of injected leucocytes upon the development of a tuberculous lesion. For the experiments the dog, which is somewhat insusceptible to tuberculosis has been selected for two reasons. Preceding studies have demonstrated methods by which it is possible to obtain sterile leucocytes in great quantity almost wholly...

Thus, a little reflection on the axioms of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory (ZF) shows that Vù, the first transfinite level of the hierarchy, is a model of all the axioms of ZF with the exception of the axiom of infinity. And, in general, one finds that if κ is a strongly inaccessible ordinal, then Vκ is a model of all of the axioms of ZF.1 (For all these models, we take ∈ to be the standard element...

Among infectious diseases, tuberculosis is the leading cause of death, killing around 3 million people each year. Most cases occur in young adults but it is also a major cause of illness and death in children. The problem has been exacerbated in recent years by the HIV pandemic and by the emergence of multidrug resistance. Co-infection with HIV greatly enhances the risk of overt tuberculosis an...