Every 6 seconds someone is killed or seriously injured on the world's roads. With 1.3 million road deaths each year this is a global epidemic comparable to malaria or Tuberculosis. Nine in ten road deaths and injuries are in developing countries. By comparison to other global killers, road injury is neglected. Road crashes are the leading global cause of death for young people under 25 years, a...

reviews in many countries indicate that drivers often talk on mobile (cell) phones. studies have been done on possible effects of concurrent mobile phone use on driving performance. previous studies have found that phone talking could impairs performance on simulated or instrumented driving tasks, using such measures as reaction time, following distance, and situational awareness. most of these...

Affiliations: DiBiMIS, University of Palermo and Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy. Pneumologie und Allergologie Zentrum für Schlaf – und Beatmungsmedizin, Krankenhaus Bethanien, Solingen, Germany. Sleep and Respiratory Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. European Lung Foundation Chair. Medical School, Athens ...

BACKGROUND Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of teenage deaths in the United States. Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) policies effectively decrease teenage crash deaths. Emerging research is identifying the most effective components of GDL. This study examines GDL policies across 6 Great Lakes states, describing the beneficial impact, and investigating how evidence-based policy modifi...

PROBLEM Automobile crashes remain a prominent cause of death and injury for teenagers in the United States. While it is generally agreed that graduated drivers licensing (GDL) influences crash rates, it is unclear which components have the strongest effect on any specific types of crashes. METHOD We analyze the relative effect of different stages of GDL on teenage fatal and injury crash risk ...

CONTEXT Graduated driver licensing (GDL) programs are being adopted in many states to address the high rate of motor vehicle fatalities among teens by requiring teenaged drivers to gain experience and maturity under conditions of relatively low crash risk before gaining full driving privileges. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the early impact of Michigan's GDL program on traffic crashes among 16-year-o...

CONTEXT In the United States, graduated driver licensing (GDL) systems allow full, unrestricted licensure for drivers younger than 18 years only after an initial period of supervised driving and an intermediate period of unsupervised driving that limits driving at night, transporting multiple young passengers, or both. OBJECTIVE To estimate the association of GDL programs with involvement in ...

Exhaust emissions contribute greatly to air pollution, the social cost of which may occur as danger to human health, attracting huge medical expenses, causing absenteeism and hence loss of productivity. These are incentives to reduce exhaust emissions to the barest minimum. Two major cities in Ghana, Accra and Kumasi, are struck by vehicular traffic jams especially during rush-hours and are gra...