background: the h9n2 subtype of influenza a viruses is considered to be widespread in poultry industry. adamantane is a group of antiviral agents which is effective both in prevention and treatment of influenza a virus infections. these drugs inhibit m2 protein ion channel which has role on viral replication. objectives: the main objective of this study is to evaluate m gene of avian influenza ...

breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies among women. although chemotherapy remains a major therapeutic approach to treat cancers, drug therapy often fails for several reasons, particularly the drug resistance. resistance to multiple chemotherapeutic agents is one of the most important problems in the treatment of different types of cancers. therefore, in this study a resistant sub ...

800x600 hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection is the main cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc). several factors such as serum hbv dna level, genotype and specific viral mutations have been clarified to determine disease progression of chronic hepatitis b. among these, mutations can also occur in chronic hbv patients with antiviral treatment such as lamivudine the...

background: lower respiratory tract infections (ltris) are among the most common infectious diseases with potential life-threatening complications. methods: the study consisted of 426 patients with suspected ltris from mid and far western region of nepal between september 2011 and july 2014. the specimens were collected and processed according to the standard microbiological methods at the cent...

background: nosocomial infections are one of the most important medical problems in developed and under developing countries which cause the spread of infections diseases in society. pseudomonas aeroginosa is one of the most important causes of hospital infections, especially in wounds from operated patients. increase in antibiotic-resistance of pseudomonas aeroginosa cause a lot of problems fo...

conclusion mature biofilms were found to be much more resistant to antifungal agents and the host immune system than free cells. the factors responsible for high resistance included the complex architecture of biofilms, ecm, increased expression of drug efflux pumps, and metabolic plasticity. objectives the present work investigated certain aspects of the resistance of c. albicans biofilms to d...

conclusions our findings indicate that resistance of c. albicans strains to azoles is more common in tokat, turkey. therefore, a strategy to control the inappropriate and widespread use of antifungal drugs is urgently needed. fungal culturing and antifungal susceptibility testing will be useful in patient management as well as resistance surveillance. materials and methods a total of 201 c. alb...

conclusions the results of the antibiotic resistance and other data suggest that there is a possible common clone of e. faecalis, which could rapidly disseminate in patients and the environment. results the results indicated that, 86% of patient and 29% of environmental isolates carried ebp genes. the ability of the isolates to strongly attach was 62% and 71% for patient and environmental sampl...

patients and methods two-hundred and fifty-five clinical specimens were collected from four major provinces of iran. samples were cultured and the mrsa strains were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the patterns of antibiotic resistance were determined using the disk diffusion method. results seventy-four out of 255 (29.01%) clinical samples were positive for mrsa. of the 74 mrsa st...

conclusions: our findings suggest the possible co-carriage of some blashv genes and aris on the same plasmids harboring the mdr genes. possible role of integrons in dissemination of esbl-encoding blashv genes among esbl-producing k. pneumoniae nosocomial isolates may be inferred. background: some genetic and phenotypic variables are associated among distinct microbial populations. objectives: t...