For a few decades has proposed sustainable developing in different sciences and professions including architecture and urbanization and its origins  is in environmental crises  and also excessive use of fossilized energies in the world. problems such as global warming, increasingly developing of green house gases in atmosphere that its origin  is  in global warming , air and soil  pollution, an...

abstract many uses of landscape and important roll of ground covers aspect turfgrasses caused extensive of this plant in the cities. this study focuses on shoot responses and tolerance of native and commercial turf grasses under drought stress in a factorial experiment based on unbalanced completely random design on the year 2006. the specious that we used in this experiment included (i) commer...

Do scaling relations always provide the means to anticipate the relationships between the size of cities, costs of maintenance, and the socio-economic benefits resulting from their growth? Scaling laws are considered a universal principle that describes the development of complex systems such as cities. It seems that regardless of their location or history, the growth of cities is associated wi...

This article revisited past digital cities, and discussed smart cities and the future. If we understand digital cities as exploration of cyber space and smart cities as exploitation of physical space, the next stage is to evolve networked society based on cyber physical systems. The current movements suggest two different directions, socialization of commerce and commercialization of society. W...

I 1960, 33.0 percent of the world’s population lived in cities. In 2010, this share grew to 50.5 percent and will continue to rise as urbanization in the developing world takes place. Urbanization offers market opportunities that rural areas cannot match. The potential to learn, specialize and trade in cities raises per capita income (Glaeser 1998, 1999, 2011). Over the last thirty years, one q...

Given the important role of green environments playing in healthy cities, inequality urban greenspace exposure has aroused growing attentions. However, few comparative studies are available to quantify this phenomenon for cities with different population sizes across a country, especially those developing world. Besides, commonly used measures always hindered by conceptual simplification withou...

For a few decades has proposed sustainable developing in different sciences and professions including architecture and urbanization and its origins  is in environmental crises  and also excessive use of fossilized energies in the world. problems such as global warming, increasingly developing of green house gases in atmosphere that its origin  is  in global warming , air and soil  pollution, an...

We study centrality in urban street patterns of different world cities represented as networks in geographical space. The results indicate that a spatial analysis based on a set of four centrality indices allows an extended visualization and characterization of the city structure. A hierarchical clustering analysis based on the distributions of centrality has a certain capacity to distinguish d...

for a few decades has proposed sustainable developing in different sciences and professions including architecture and urbanization and its origins  is in environmental crises  and also excessive use of fossilized energies in the world. problems such as global warming, increasingly developing of green house gases in atmosphere that its origin  is  in global warming , air and soil  pollution, an...