objectives this study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of intramuscular pethidine as an analgesic during labor by comparing it to inhaled 50% nitrous oxide (entonox). conclusions inhaled nitrous oxide seems to give better pain relief in the short term compared to a single dose of pethidine. entonox, which is more convenient to administer than an intramuscular injection of pethidine, is a...

to determine breath- holding spells (bhs) prevalence and risk factors in under 6- year- old children, we interviewed mothers of 400 children in a cross- sectional study in 5 health centers at south of tehran in autumn 1999. 33 children (8.25%) had history of bhs (male: 19, female: 14 25 cases were between 2-4 years old (mean: 40±17 months). seventy percent of cases (23) had onset of attacks aft...

OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to investigate to what extent sweeping of the membranes contributes to cervical shortening and if cervical shortening is related to the time to onset of labor and duration of the active phase of labor METHODS This prospective randomized clinical trial was performed at Baskent University between February and March 2011. Women were randomly assigned to receiv...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate uterine activity during the third stage of labor and compare it to that observed in the second stage of labor. STUDY DESIGN Uterine electric activity was prospectively measured using electrical uterine myography (EUM) in 44 women with singleton pregnancy at term during the final 30 min of the second stage and throughout the third stage of labor. Results are reported usin...

Background: Epidural analgesia is a central nerve block technique achieved by injection of a local anesthetic close to the nerves that transmit pain and is widely used as a form of pain relief in labor. The objective was to study the effect of epidural analgesia on cardiotocographic parameters and relief of pain, effect on course of labor and its outcome in terms of duration, any complications ...

BACKGROUND Lack of information regarding biochemical changes in women during labor and its outcomes on maternal and neonatal health still is an unanswered question. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of oral carbohydrate intake during labor on the duration of the active phase and other maternal and neonatal outcomes. METHODS A parallel prospective randomized controlled trial, conduc...