To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify bacteriophage distribution in a groundwater ecosystem shedding light on their prevalence and across metal-contaminated background sites. Our uniquely based selective sequencing of solely extrachromosomal elements microbiome followed by analysis for viral signatures, thus establishing more focused approach phage identifications.

Titanium (Ti) is widely recognized for its exceptional properties and compatibility with medical applications. In our study, we successfully formed laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on Ti plates a periodicity of 520–740 nm height range 150–250 nm. To investigate the morphology chemical composition these surfaces, employed various techniques, including field emission scanning ele...