Logical positivism (later and more accurately called logical empiricism) is a school of philosophy that combines empiricism, the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge of the world, with a version of rationalism, the idea that our knowledge includes a component that is not derived from observation. It grew from the discussions of the so-called "First Vienna Circle" that...

In previous issues of the journal, its authors have often made it clear that creative philosophers will always seek to improve their own methods. Even those who sincerely respect other cultural values, epistemologies, and methodologies retain some preferences, subjective insights, blind spots (Bunnin 2003, 352). What really matters is only equality opportunity, evaluation regardless seemingly p...

The subject of the research is processes cognition doctrines politics, state and law from perspective applying a special cognitive tool modern science history political legal doctrines, i.e. theoretical problematic methodological approach. purpose study to substantiate actualize problem: approach in Russian teachings law. paper examines main historical stages formation this historiography doctr...

Informed consent mandates for abortion providers may infringe the First Amendment's freedom of speech. On the other hand, they may reinforce the physician's duty to obtain informed consent. Courts can promote both doctrines by ensuring that compelled physician speech pertains to medical facts about abortion rather than abortion ideology and that compelled speech is truthful and not misleading.

The American Presidential Doctrines play a crucial role in international politics because they provide general strategy for United States’ (U.S.) allies to follow. States' policies, like the policies of all states, are complicated and broad-based. doctrines, on other hand, reveal basic framework.
 This study examined events that occurred axis Iran-Türkiye-Northern Iraq from President Richa...