High quality institutions, such as rule of law, bureaucratic quality, freedom from government expropriation, and freedom from government repudiation of contracts, mitigate the adverse economic consequences of ethnic fractionalization identified by Easterly and Levine 1997 and others. In countries with sufficiently good institutions, ethnic diversity does not lower growth or worsen economic poli...

One of the major concerns for current foreign policy leaders in the United States is the impact of failed states. This view is reflected in the text of the most current U.S. National Security Strategy of the United States, (March 2006). The strategy says clearly, “The goal of our statecraft is to help create a world of democratic, well governed states.” Furthermore, “It is the policy of the Uni...

This paper examines why fundamental freedoms are so unevenly distributed across the earth. Climato-economic theorizing proposes that humans adapt needs, stresses, and choices of goals, means, and outcomes to the livability of their habitat. The evolutionary process at work is one of collectively meeting climatic demands of cold winters or hot summers by using monetary resources. Freedom is expe...

With the rapid development of economy, China, as a country which attracts lots of multinational companies investing in and reaping their benefits, now plays an increasing important role as a source of investment all around the world. And more and more Chinese enterprises try their best to expend overseas market. In this paper, based on the perspective of investment motives, I use fixed effect m...

Two dimensions of human security may be addressed by the economist: freedom from want and freedom from fear. This paper examines freedom from want by focussing on economic growth. Differences in growth rates, particularly over the last two centuries, have produced the present disparities between rich and poor countries, which in turn constitutes the problem of development. Growth also constitut...

Two main arguments are presented in current debates on women and economic empowerment. The right-based argument focuses on increasing women's job opportunities and their freedom to work in security and dignity. The economic argument emphasises women's economic capacities and potential contribution to economic growth. The economic argument draws on the fact that women tend to reinvest their inco...

Improving the operation is an attractive option for the process industry to deal with increased competition. In this paper a general dynamic optimization framework is proposed that aims to improve plantwide operation in an economic sense. The term general means that it is based on dynamic operation in which any operational constraints can be accommodated. One would expect economic optimization ...

TO THE END of his life, George Orwell remained a socialist. In “Why I Write” (1946), we find his programmatic statement: “Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic Socialism, as I understand it.”* Orwell had fiercely attacked the attitude of capitalist society towards the poor in Down and Our in...

government actions and interventions caused, prolonged, and worsened the financial crisis. They caused it by deviating from historical precedents and principles for setting interest rates, which had worked well for 20 years. They prolonged it by misdiagnosing the problems in the bank credit markets and thereby responding inappropriately by focusing on liquidity rather than risk. They made it wo...