1 Paper prepared for UNDP/IDB/World Bank/CEPAL project " Balance of Payments Liberalization, Distribution and Poverty in Latin America " and originally presented at project seminar in Rio de Janeiro, other seminar participants, as well as to Geske Dijkstra and an anonymous referee for helpful comments on a previous draft. The Institute of Social Studies is Europe's longest-established centre of...

Turkmenistan’s economic performance during the first decade after independence isinteresting because it is an extreme case, regularly ranking last among all the former centrallyplanned economies by transition indicators measuring speed of reform or degree of economicliberalization. This paper analyses the evolution of the economic system and Turkmenistan’seconomic development si...

Rural populations in Southern Africa are exposed to climatic variability and change; such natural pressures, however, interact with other global social processes to shape local vulnerability. Farmers have traditionally coped with crop failure through engaging in a multitude of alternative sources of food and income, most depending on local natural resources, informal networks and local skills a...

the theoretical base of this paper is the economic growth model that completed with capital stocks (private and public) and human capital. at the first, hypothesis test about constant returns to scale is studied, and then the related variables with macroeconomic policies are added to the model. the results show that 1) the aggregate production function exhibits increasing returns to scale, 2) p...

This paper reviews Mexico’s economic situation before 1982. It outlines the evolution of Mexico’s inward-oriented strategy and its experience with trade liberalization since 1985, highlighting the causes of the structural crisis manifested in 1982. Sections II and III examine the reform policies of the de la Madrid administration (1982-1988) and the more radical approach under the current Salin...

Using firm-level data from India, this paper investigates the distributional effects of deregulation on firm size and profitability. The data suggest that average firm size declines significantly in industries that deregulated entry. Firm entry leads occurs from the left hand tail of the size distribution with more small firms entering the market while the largest incumbent firms get significan...