This study is to investigate the short- and long-run causal relationship between agglomeration (localization and urbanization) economies and labor productivity in the manufacturing sector of 28 Iranian provinces over an 11-year period, 2001–2011. Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) method was used to estimate our long-run panel data model. The empirical findings suggested that localiz...

BACKGROUND Publicly funded biomedical and health research is expected to achieve the best return possible for taxpayers and for society generally. It is therefore important to know whether such research is more productive if concentrated into a small number of 'research groups' or dispersed across many. METHODS We undertook a systematic rapid evidence assessment focused on the research questi...

OBJECTIVE To synthesize the data available--on costs, efficiency and economies of scale and scope--for the six basic programmes of the UNAIDS Strategic Investment Framework, to inform those planning the scale-up of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) services in low- and middle-income countries. METHODS The relevant peer-reviewed and "grey" literature from low- and middle-income countries was ...

We consider a general online network design problem in which sequence of N requests arrive over time, each needs to use some subset the available resources E. The cost incurred by resource [Formula: see text] is function f e total load on that resource. objective minimize text]. focus functions exhibit (dis)economies scale. These are form if x > 0 (and zero = 0), exponent Optimization proble...

the purpose of this article is the measurement of technical efficiency and returns to scale using data envelopment (dea) approach. in this study, we have measured efficiency quantity and economies of scale for state owned insurance and private companies for 1384-1385 periods. the results reveal that in the dea with the assumption of variable returns to scale, iran, tosee and razi companies have...