Developing suitable frameworks and paradigms (theoretical and practical) is a challenge for all disciplines in the face of rapid technological changes. Technological advances are fundamentally changing discourse in many well-established areas of research; from advances in understanding the brain, questioning the informed wisdom of sectors of the brain, through to impacts of social networks on s...

The elucidation of the means by which tumor cells develop resistance to the toxic effects of potent chemotherapeutic agents has revealed a great deal about mechanisms of drug uptake, metabolism, and extrusion, as well as providing basic insights into cellular processes such as regulation of gene expression and gene amplification. One perplexing problem facing the cell biologist and oncologist h...

Hospitals may be the most regulated industry in the country. All levels of government-city, county, state and federal-are involved in the external control of hospitals, covering everything from rates and acquisition of new equipment to maintenance of patients' charts and the condition of chinaware. The debate is not over the government's right to impose some standards for hospitals to follow bu...

Immunology has now developed into an independent discipline in medicine which covers not only germ infection which is related to immunity solely but also covers a lot of non-infectious diseases such as autoimmune disease, allergies, and others. Therefore, "The Immune Mechanism: "A Double-Edged Sword" means that the immune mechanism (consisted of antibody mediated mechanism and T cell mediated m...