This draft chapter, prepared for inclusion in the (prospective) Handbook of Production Economics, Vol. 1 (Theory), edited by Subash Ray, Robert Chambers, and Subal Kumbhakar, lays out the theoretical foundation of the measurement of the degree of substitutability among inputs utilized in a production process. It proceeds from the well-settled (Hicksian) notion of this measure for two inputs (ty...

as the analytical framework. Despite the many estimates presented in the literature, there is little agreement on a point estimate of the gross effect of the wage rate on weekly hours of work, except that it is generally negative (i.e., the income effect dominates).2 The fact that the wage elasticity is negative has been used to explain the secular decline of hours of work and is important in c...

Many applications in materials involve surface diffusion of elastically stressed solids. Study of singularity formation and long-time behavior of such solid surfaces requires accurate simulations in both space and time. Here we present a high-order boundary integral method for an elastically stressed solid with axi-symmetry due to surface diffusions. In this method, the boundary integrals for i...

In this paper, we study the correlation of tissue (i.e. prostate) elasticity with the spread and aggression of prostate cancers. We describe an improved, in-vivo method that estimates the individualized, relative tissue elasticity parameters directly from medical images. Although elasticity reconstruction, or elastograph, can be used to estimate tissue elasticity, it is less suited for in-vivo ...

An elasticity summarizes a large amount of information in a single number. Levels and distribution of incomes, price levels of the specific good and of substitute and complementary goods, preferences and tastes, transaction costs, etc., can, ceteris paribus, affect the measured value of any particular demand-price elasticity. The elasticity concept normalizes for the measurement scales (e.g., p...

This paper describes a noninvasive method for evaluating regional elasticity of atheroma by measuring the minute change in thickness of the arterial wall during one heartbeat. By comparing the pathological findings with the elasticity images, elasticity distributions for lipid and fibrous tissue (mixture of smooth muscle and collagen fiber) were determined in vitro. Furthermore, to characterize...

In this paper we introduce a scale elasticity measure based on directional distance function for multi-output-multi-input technologies and explore its fundamental properties. Specifically, we derive necessary and sufficient condition for equivalence of the scale elasticity measure based on the directional distance function with the input oriented and output oriented scale elasticity measures. W...

abstract the purpose of this paper is estimation of the effective factors on tea supply in gilan province by using time series data during 1360-1390 in the form of nerlove model. according to the results, explanatory variables of the model could describe 97 percent of dependent variable (product supply) changes. the results show that the guaranteed price index of green tea leaf with elasticity ...

Elastic strain is a critical factor in engineering the electronic behavior of core-shell semiconductor nanowires and provides the driving force for undesirable surface roughening and defect formation. We demonstrate two independent strategies, chlorine surface passivation and growth of nanowires with low-energy sidewall facets, to avoid strain-induced surface roughening that promotes dislocatio...

In recent years, the diagnostic confidence of B-mode ultrasound has been strengthened by innovations including tissue Doppler techniques and imaging of tissue elasticity. Elasticity is the ratio of the strain (pressure) required to induce relative elongation or distention (Figure 1). The intrinsic elasticity of biological tissue is altered by physiologic aging and pathologic processes such as i...