This study will try to evaluate the regulatory governance of National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA). The authority was formed in 1997 overcome inefficiencies Water and Development (WAPDA) Karachi Supply Corporation (KESC) (now K-electric) improve power sector through good regulations. Moreover, it supposed protect interests consumers, investors, operators equally its autonomy, pro...

New BEA paper on vertical goods, which in turn are inputs direct investment, allowing specialization trade to final consumption goods. All firms to offshore while keeping Manufacturing trade and verti­ three types of goods may be production within the firms. cal specialization trade, which traded but face transportation Trade among affiliated firms can be defined as trade in goods costs and tar...

A strategy to convert quotas to tariffs is to auction the quota rights and use the realized auction prices as guides to setting tariffs. In the 1980s, New Zealand employed auctions to allocate quota licenses. We analyze the relationship between tariff-equivalents and auction prices for auctions with resale. Using panel data from New Zealand’s quota license auctions, we estimate the expected val...

We examine interaction between goods trade and market power in domestic trade and distribution sectors. Theory suggests a linkage between service-sector competition and goods trade, one supported by econometrics involving imports of 22 OECD countries vis-à-vis 69 exporters. This points to linkages between market access conditions for goods and the structure of the service sector. Competition in...

Establishing separated markets for capacity, energy, and ancillary services (AS) is one of the key steps to liberalize electricity sector realize markets. This study aims at eliciting AS tariffs from unified capacity energy through a cost-based approach. In proposed framework, maintaining annual revenue requirements power plants are considered as main objective while separating tariff tariffs. ...

Large scale integration of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and intermittent renewable energy sources, such as solar PV and wind power, could affect the way in which the power system is planned, operated and controlled. In such systems, it could be desirable to utilize the flexibility of the demand, i.e. demand response (DR), to help maintain the balance between the supply and the demand, and t...

Public finance experts have long explored the issue of income taxes making the cost of market transactions higher than nonmarket ones. A 50 percent income tax, for example, requires $20,000 in income to purchase $10,000 of market goods. The tax can be avoided, however, if the same goods can be produced at home. The upshot is that income taxes encourage the home production of goods and services ...