Background: Disorders of acid-base involve the complex interplay of many organ systems including brain, lungs, kidney, and liver. Compensations for acid-base disturbances within the brain are more complete, while limitations of compensations are more apparent for most systemic disorders. However, some of the limitations on compensations are necessary to survival, in that preservation of oxygena...

NVT Monte Carlo simulation results are presented for the forces between charged colloids within the primitive model for electrolytes. The calculations show that when charged colloids have a net dipole moment, a strong attraction can arise at short separations. The attractive force is not purely electrostatic; significant contributions follow from hard-sphere collisions between the electrolyte i...

Formation of spikes prevents achievement of the better material removal rate (MRR) and surface finish while using plain NaNO3 aqueous electrolyte in electrochemical machining (ECM) of die tool steel. Hence this research work attempts to minimize the formation of spikes in the selected workpiece of high carbon high chromium die tool steel using copper nanoparticles suspended in NaNO3 aqueous ele...

Electrical heating has been proposed as a potential method for pathogen inactivation in human waste sludge, especially in decentralized wastewater treatment systems. In this study, we investigated the heat production and E. coli inactivation in wastewater sludge using electrical thermal treatment. Various concentrations of NaCl and NH4Cl were tested as electrolyte to enhance conductivity in slu...

Nano-hydroxyapatite and its modification, hydroxyapatite with the excess of phosphorus (P-HAP) and hydroxyapatite with the carbon ions built into the structure (C-HAP), were prepared by the wet method. They were studied by means of XRD, accelerated surface area and porosimetry (ASAP), and SEM. The size of crystallites computed using the Scherrer method was nano-hydroxyapatite (HAP) = 20 nm; P-H...

Concepts and selected experiments on the structure of the Helmholtz double layer at the metaland semiconductor electrolyte phase boundary are reviewed. The widely used microcapacitor approach of the double layer and its limitations are assessed. Observations on the influence of the electrode potential on the energetic position of surface states at the Ag-electrolyte contact are compared to the ...

We study physical situations when one or two “guest” arbitrarilycharged particles are immersed in the bulk of a classical electrolyte modelled by a Coulomb gas of ± unit point-like charges, the whole system being in thermal equilibrium. The models are treated as twodimensional with logarithmic pairwise interactions among charged constituents; the (dimensionless) inverse temperature β is conside...

We present a theoretical and experimental study of analyte preconcentration via peak mode isotachophoresis (ITP). We perform perturbation analysis of the governing equations that includes electromigration, diffusion, buffer reactions, and nonlinear ionic strength effects. This analysis relaxes the inherent numerical stiffness and achieves a fast solution to the transient sample evolution proble...