If the conformal invariance of electromagnetism is broken during inflation, then primordial magnetic fields may be produced. If this symmetry breaking is generated by the coupling between electromagnetism and a scalar field—e.g. the inflaton, curvaton, or Ricci scalar—then these magnetic fields may be correlated with primordial density perturbations, opening a new window to the study of nonGaus...

Extending the analogous result of Cannon and Wagreich for the fundamental groups of surfaces, we show that, for the l-regular graphs Xl,m associated to regular tessellations of hyperbolic plane by m-gons, the denominators of the growth series (which are rational and were computed by Floyd and Plotnick [FP94]) are reciprocal Salem polynomials. As a consequence, the growth rates of these graphs a...

We reconstruct a 3+1 formalism of general relativistic electromagnetism, and derive the equations of motion of charged particles in the pulsar magnetosphere, taking account of the inclination between the rotation axis and the magnetic axis. Apart from the previous works where space charge is evaluated by assuming the flow velocity being the light speed, we analyze particle motion in the polar c...

One of the most important facets of collaborative learning is the interaction between individual and collaborative learning activities – between divergent perspectives and shared knowledge building. Individuals bring divergent ideas into a collaborative environment. While individuals bring their own unique knowledge and perspectives, the second important aspect of collaborative learning is how ...

We reconstruct a 3+1 formalism of general relativistic electromagnetism, and derive the equations of motion of charged particles in the pulsar magnetosphere, taking account of the inclination between the rotation axis and the magnetic axis. Apart from the previous works where space charge is evaluated by assuming the flow velocity being the light speed, we analyze particle motion in the polar c...

An algorithm to find the roots and poles of a complex function depending on two arguments (one one real) is proposed. Such problems are common in many fields science for instance electromagnetism, acoustics, stability analyses, spectroscopy, optics, elementary particle physics. The proposed technique belongs class global algorithms, gives full picture solutions fixed region Ω ⊂ C × R can be ver...