E-commerce provides suppliers with the flexibility to operate an online arm via a platform in addition their pre-existing physical stores. Although such supplier encroachment is becoming increasingly prevalent e-commerce markets, literature on traditionally assumes that sell products consumers directly and argues can mitigate double marginalisation problems secure Pareto improvements. This pape...

River flooding is one of the most widespread natural disasters. Projections indicate that climate change will increase flood hazard in many areas around world. In this study, we investigate individual and combined effects sea level rise, flow riparian vegetation encroachment on lower Biobío River, Chile. Results show each has potential to individually certain areas, can compound. Encroachment o...

Woody encroachment and thickening have occurred throughout the western United States and have been proposed as important processes in the US carbon (C) budget despite large uncertainty in the magnitude of these effects. In this study we investigated ponderosa pine encroachment near Boulder, Colorado. We reconstructed a time series of forest structure to estimate changes in C storage by the tree...

The turn of the nineteenth century saw an increasing encroachment Russian explorations into and around isolationist Japan, culminating with capture imprisonment naval captain ...