Physical symbol systems are needed for open-ended cognition. A good way to understand physical symbol systems is by comparison of thought to chemistry. Both have systematicity, productivity and compositionality. The state of the art in cognitive architectures for open-ended cognition is critically assessed. I conclude that a cognitive architecture that evolves symbol structures in the brain is ...

This study explores the relationship and interconnections between EFL teachers’ beliefs and their motivational practices in the classroom. The present study combined qualitative and quantitative methods of research. First, the motivational practices of 30 teachers in two private language schools in Tehran were explored with a classroom observation instrument, the Motivation Orientation of Langu...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the comparative effect of using electronic short story books and traditional printed texts on EFL learners’ reading comprehension. For that purpose, ninety female learners ranging in age between fifteen and thirty five sat for the language proficiency test (PET, 2009) as the test of homogeneity and consequently sixty students were selected based on t...