Today due to increasing and evolving of electrical grids, the optimal and profitable energy production is among producers' major concerns. Thus, conventional ways of production and trading energy are being replaced by modern economical procedures. In addition, distributed energy resources (DERs) in form of renewable and conventional resources as well as responsive loads play an important role i...

Energy efficiency is very specific to end-use applications or particular systems. However, on an aggregate economy wide basis, energy efficiency does not provide a useful measure for comparison due to variations in the structure of energy supply and the end-use energy applications. Reduction in energy intensity is a part of the sustainable development program since it is closely linked to the m...

The German support for renewable energies in the electricity sector is based on the feed-in tariff for investors that grants guaranteed revenues for their renewable energy supply. Corresponding to differences of granted tariffs and respective market values, a surcharge on consumption covers differential costs. While granted tariffs are bound to fall with advances in renewable energy technologie...

Over the past 5 years, Hungary has experienced one of the most remarkable market successes in a key energy-efficiency technology: compact fluorescent lighting. While market shares of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) were negligible half a decade ago, today residential CFL market penetration exceeds that in many industrialised economies, ranking Hungary among the eight countries in Europe with t...

Today, in industrialised countries the energy distribution networks are structured like shown in Fig. 1. Large centralised power plants feed into a dense distribution network. In the future, this structure will face numerous problems, because it is not flexible regarding the relocation of primary energy sources, the optimisation of energy flows and energy costs. Within a deregulated energy mark...

Power System Markets represented by dynamic equations provide insights into the market behavior which are not available from static models. In this paper, the dynamic coupling between energy imbalance and markets is studied by modelling the market dynamics together with the electromechanical power system dynamics. Matlab-based software is used to evaluate the eigenvalues of a linearized version...