the fundamental role of discourse and its positive and negative effects in personal and social interactions is known to everyone. this is why religions and denominations have always relied on discourse, especially when it is beyond the boundaries of personal concerns and by the expansion of its domain, have stressed on the vital position and particular role of discourse in the fate of humanity....

when belief priniplees among all muslems became identi cal, this opportunity has bee provided for clergyman scientist to infere legal command ments to rely it, that it lead to emergence of prudence religion and diversity of opinions. although this practice religious leads to dispute about opinions, but they are not related to beliefe principles. thus it isn't worthy that these disputes don...

Does nationalism make interstate conflict more likely? Many believe so, arguing that it led to such conflicts as the Spanish-American War, the two World Wars, and Russia’s recent intervention in the Ukraine. However, others contend that strategic constraints greatly limit nationalism’s effects on state behavior. Resolving this debate has proven difficult because of endogeneity and measurement i...

BACKGROUND Increasingly many perinatally HIV-infected children are surviving through adolescence and adulthood as a result of improvements in the management of paediatric HIV infection, particularly the increased use of combination therapy. It is usually the parents or guardians of these children who are faced with the task of informing the child living with HIV about his or her positive status...

carl schmitt (1985-1888), is one of the most controversial legal and political thinkers and one of the leading theorists of the twentieth century. schmitt’s views can be criticized from some aspects: ignoring friends and enemies, reducing human and dominance of an individualistic perspective, de-politicization and de-humanization (loss of identity of the subject due to political suspension, eme...

The article is devoted to the problem of temporal choices Russia as a state and nation, formed over centuries in course historical events, political decisions historical-philosophical reflection. It emphasized that temporality, which we understand flow time from mode past through present future, acts an existential background against specific social, political, economic, cultural practices unfo...

dara' rule changes in islamic penal code with the modern penology teachings approach keyvan heidar nejad [1] fatemeh ahadi [2] seyyed abulfazl mirjafar pour [3]   abstract:                        dara' is one of the rules that is derived from figh. the rule indicates that by proving doubt or hesitancy at the time of committing crime, the offence cannot be proved. in the former penal c...

war and war-related concepts constitute a considerable portion of key words in political literature and strategic-security studies. apart from its theoretical significance, war is a palpable term for the individuals and political players. it is a serious threat to humanity that has been paid due attention in the course of history by the political philosophers, strategists and even ordinary peop...