Multi-enzymatic reactions can successfully replace complex chemical syntheses, using milder reaction conditions, and generating less waste. The present model-based analysis compares the performances of several optimally operated Batch Reactors (BR) with those an serial Sequence BRs (SeqBR). In multi-enzymatic systems, SeqBR could be more advantageous flexible, allowing optimization costly enzym...

Metabolism is the process of nutrient uptake and conversion, : Background and executed by the metabolic network. Its evolutionary precursors most likely originated in non-enzymatic chemistry. To be exploitable in a Darwinian process that forms a metabolic pathway, non-enzymatic reactions need to form a chemical network that produces advantage-providing metabolites in a single, life compatible c...

The crystalloscopic method commonly used for the detection of tyrosine in urine concentrates was first employed by Frerichs and Stadeler (1) when they observed this amino acid in a case of acute yellow atrophy of the liver. This method and its modern modifications (2, 3) is laborious, time-consuming, and of doubtful reliability.’ We undertook to replace it by a method which would permit of quan...

Studies on the formation of humin in protein hydrolysates have demonstrated that heating causes a reaction between carbohydrates and certain amino acids (l-3). This reaction, often referred to as the Maillard reaction, has significance in connection with the development of brown color during the processing of foods. Further, this reaction appears to have nutritional importance, since recently i...

The aim of this paper is to screen suitable reaction systems for the modification of antioxidants through enzymatic synthesis. Enzymatic esterification of ascorbic acid with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was investigated as a model. Four organic solvents and five different enzymes were evaluated. Results show that only Novozym 435 turned out to be a useful enzymatic preparation for the product...

Here, we present a novel method for SNP genotyping based on protease-mediated allele-specific primer extension (PrASE), where the two allele-specific extension primers only differ in their 3'-positions. As reported previously [Ahmadian,A., Gharizadeh,B., O'Meara,D., Odeberg,J. and Lundeberg,J. (2001), Nucleic Acids Res., 29, e121], the kinetics of perfectly matched primer extension is faster th...

The crystal structure of pyruvate phosphate dikinase, a histidyl multiphosphotransfer enzyme that synthesizes adenosine triphosphate, reveals a three-domain molecule in which the phosphohistidine domain is flanked by the nucleotide and the phosphoenolpyruvate/pyruvate domains, with the two substrate binding sites approximately 45 angstroms apart. The modes of substrate binding have been deduced...

New advances in nano sciences open the door for scientists to study biological processes on a microscopic molecule-by-molecule basis. Recent single-molecule biophysical experiments on enzyme systems, in particular, reveal that enzyme molecules behave fundamentally differently from what classical model predicts. A stochastic network model was previously proposed to explain the experimental disco...

Are the most dynamically flexible regions around the equilibrium structure of an enzyme the same regions involved in the transition state for rate limiting processes involved in the enzymatic reaction? Kern and-coworkers (Wolf-Watzet al., 2004; Henzler-Wildman et al., 2007a, 2007b) have shown that insights about functionally relevant motions that determine the overall enzyme turnover rate can b...

D-amino acids, different from the ubiquitous L-amino are recognized as “unnatural” amino acids. The applications of acids have drawn increasing interest researchers in recent years, and widely used various industries, including for food products, pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals. Inspired by prevalent applications, many synthetic methods been developed, which mainly divided into chemical...