Electron density irregularities in the equatorial ionosphere at night are understood terms of plasma bubbles, which produced by transport low-density from bottomside F region to topside. Equatorial bubbles (EPBs) have been detected various techniques on ground and space. One distinguishing characteristics EPBs identified long-term observations is systematic seasonal longitudinal variation EPB a...

OI 630.0 nm airglow observations, from a new observatory at Bom Jesus de Lapa, were used to study the interaction between EPBs (Equatorial Plasma Bubbles) and MSTID (Medium-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbance) over Northeast region in Brazil. On night of September 16 17, 2020, an EPB was observed propagating eastward, apparent fossil stage, until it interacted with dark band electrified (eM...

The supporting pressure is achieved through control of the incoming and outgoing materials in the head chamber in shield tunneling, i.e., through regulation of the screw conveyor rotation, thrust force of jacks and the excavation advance rate. The discrete state equation of controlling system is derived based on mechanical equilibrium principle. The objective function of model reference control...

This thesis develops analytical solutions for estimating the bending moments and axial loads in a buried pipeline due to ground movements caused by tunnel construction in soft ground. The solutions combine closed-form, analytical solutions for tunnel-induced, free-field ground deformations in a plane orthogonal to the heading (Pinto and Whittle; 2001) with Winkler models for pipe-soil interacti...

BACKGROUND Extracellular ATP may modulate airway responsiveness. Studies on ATP-induced contraction and [Ca2+]i signalling in airway smooth muscle are rather controversial and discrepancies exist regarding both ATP effects and signalling pathways. We compared the effect of extracellular ATP on rat trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi (EPB) and both human and rat intrapulmonary bronchi (IPB), and ...

Tunneling in mixed ground often results severe torque fluctuations and a low advance rate. Therefore, choosing reasonable set of parameters for accurate rate prediction is paramount to reduce cutter wear improve tunneling efficiency. However, since the geological conditions are diverse uncertain, (AR) EPB shield significantly more difficult than that homogeneous (i.e., full-face hard-rock groun...

Tunnelling is a vital geotechnical engineering feature of underground transportation systems that potentially hazardous if not properly investigated, studied, planned, and executed. A reliability, availability, maintainability (RAM) analysis one the main practical techniques in machinery-based projects to recognize failure repair rates machines during or after their operations. RAM mechanized t...