To evaluate the transport properties of the alveolar epithelium, we instilled hetastarch (Het; 6%, 10 ml, 1 - 1 x 10(4) kDa) into the trachea of isolated rat lungs and then measured the molecular distribution of Het that entered the lung perfusate from the air space over 6 h. Het transport was driven by either diffusion or an oncotic gradient. Perfusate Het had a unique, bimodal molecular weigh...

Graph dynamical systems (GDSs) generalize concepts such as cellular automata and Boolean networks and can describe a wide range of distributed, nonlinear phenomena. Two GDSs are cycle equivalent if their periodic orbits are isomorphic as directed graphs, which captures the notion of having comparable long-term dynamics. In this paper, we study cycle equivalence of GDSs in which the vertex funct...

The evolution of the universe is described as an advancement of time, and only collaterally an expansion of space. An interpretation of time as proceeding at the equivalent of c across space, perpendicular to space, per a reconsideration of Minkowski’s spacetime geometry, supports a description of the cosmos as a fourdimensional (hyper)spherical wavefront. By treating space as the surface of a ...

-Two variables must be considered when calculating exchange free energies (AG~ for 2:1 clays: (1) anionic field strength, as expressed by equivalent anionic radius (ra), and (2) interlayer water content, as expressed by interlayer molality. For smectites that are in a state of high hydration, interlayer molality is determined by the cations undergoing exchange. Thus AG~ for an exchanging cation...

PURPOSE Central corneal curvature is known to vary with refractive error, but the relation between corneal topography and ametropia is less clear. The current study was conducted to determine whether a relation exists between corneal asphericity and myopia. Associations between corneal asphericity and each of the components of refraction also were examined. METHODS Corneal asphericity and api...

This article studies the constrained switching (linear) system which is a discrete-time switched linear whose sequences are by deterministic finite automaton. The stability of characterized its joint spectral radius that known to be difficult compute or approximate. Using semitensor product matrices, matrix-form expression shown equivalent lifted arbitrary system. Then, joint/generalized proven...

We complete the proof of upper bound $${\hat{\rho }}_3\le 10R$$ for regularity radius Delone sets in three-dimensional Euclidean space. Namely, summing up results obtained earlier, and adding missing cases, we show that if all $$10R$$ -clusters a set X $${\mathbb {R}}^3$$ with parameters (r, R) are equivalent, then is regular (has transitive symmetry group).

Measurements were made of filtration coefficients (Lp), area per unit path length (A/Ax), and equivalent pore radius (rp) in the control state and following severe ischemia (arrested blood flow) for periods of 30 minutes, 1 hour, and 3 hours. The value of A,/Ax for diffusion of all lipid-insoluble substances was not changed after 30 minutes of ischemia, but it was increased after 1 and 3 hours ...

Nanocomposites provide new properties and exploit unique synergism between materials. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is an ideal piezoelectric matrix applicable in nanocomposites in a broad range of industries from oil and gas to electronics and automotive. And boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) show high mechanical, electrical and chemical properties. In this paper, the critical torsional load of...