In what a key observer described as “another example ... where an intervention to modify a surrogate endpoint failed to translate into the expected improvement in patient outcome,”1 Pfeffer et al. (October 2009) found a nearly 2-fold increased risk of stroke in patients with diabetes, anemia, and pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) dosed with darbepoetin alfa to a target hemoglobin (Hb) o...

desertification is the consequence of series of processes in which climate change and human activities are more important factors than others. arid and semi-arid areas have occupied most parts of iran. sistan region is one of arid areas of iran where wind erosion is an important factor of land degradation and soil deterioration. for classification of desertification intensity, several methods h...

Before 1989, when epoetin was introduced for dialysisassociated anemia, the use of intravenous (IV) iron in the United States was typically avoided. Shortly thereafter, it was shown that responses to epoetin could be improved by IV iron supplementation. By 1998, IV iron had become standard of care in dialysis patients receiving epoetin,and the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in ...