The Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (NKA) is the main route for Na(+) extrusion from cardiac myocytes. Different NKA alpha-subunit isoforms are present in the heart. NKA-alpha1 is predominant, although there is a variable amount of NKA-alpha2 in adult ventricular myocytes of most species. It has been proposed that NKA-alpha2 is localized mainly in T-tubules (TT), where it could regulate local Na(+)/Ca(2+) ex...

BACKGROUND The home language of most audiologists in South Africa is either English or Afrikaans, whereas most South Africans speak an African language as their home language. The use of an English wordlist, the South African Spondaic (SAS) wordlist, which is familiar to the English Second Language (ESL) population, was developed by the author for testing the speech recognition threshold (SRT) ...

The apparent viscosity of blood in glass tubes declines with decreasing diameter (Fåhraeus-Lindqvist effect) and exhibits a distinctive minimum at 6-7 microm. However, flow resistance in vivo in small vessels is substantially higher than predicted by in vitro viscosity data. The presence of a thick endothelial surface layer (ESL) has been proposed as the primary cause for this discrepancy. Here...

AIMS It has been suggested that sulodexide is able to lower blood pressure (BP). This may be attributed to its ability to restore the endothelial surface layer (ESL). As ESL perturbation is known to be related to the degree of kidney damage, we investigated whether albuminuria, reflecting ESL status, modified the BP-lowering potential of sulodexide. METHODS A post hoc analysis of the double-b...

This study was designed to test whether the total objective adverse work and environmental conditions, expressed as the ergonomic stress level (ESL), would predict occupational injuries over a 2-year period. The study population consisted of 4,096 men from 21 factories in six industrial sectors who were studied as part of the Israeli Cardiovascular Occupational Risk Factors Determination in Isr...

INTRODUCTION A large body of experimental evidence shows that the endothelial surfaces of microvessels are lined with a relatively thick layer of macromolecules, which has a substantial impact on the mechanics and hemodynamics of blood flow [1]. This layer, known as the glycocalyx or endothelial surface layer (ESL), has been estimated to be from 0.3 μm to more than 1 μm thick. Its hemodynamic e...

Electroencephalographic source localization (ESL) by noninvasive means is an area of renewed interest in clinical epileptology. This has been driven by innovations in the computer-assisted modeling of dipolar and distributed sources for the investigation of focal epilepsy; a process fueled by the ever-increasing computational power available to researchers for the analysis of scalp EEG recordin...

Linear tree-adjoining grammars (TAGs), by analogy with linear context-free grammars, are treeadjoining grammars in which at most one symbol in each elementary tree can be rewritten (adjoined or substituted at). Uemura et al. (1999), calling these grammars simple linear TAGs (SLTAGs), show that they generate a class of languages incommensurate with the context-free languages, and can be recogniz...

Endothelial cells are covered by a surface layer of membrane-associated proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, glycolipids, and associated plasma proteins. This layer may limit transendothelial solute transport. We determined dimension and transport properties of this endothelial surface layer (ESL) in isolated arteries. Rat mesenteric small arteries (diameter approximately 150 micro...

‘Broadbanded’ concerns about mainstream literacy standards ignore English as a Second Language (ESL) students’ need for language support and development; for example, schools expect learners to write about narratives but provide little systematic attention to the language needed. This article presents the collaborative efforts of an ESL professional and a mainstream classroom teacher, drawing a...