in recent years, iran has experienced high level depreciation of the nominal exchange rate (ner). the ultimate effects of such depreciation on iranian families’ welfare and income distribution have been a challenging issue among policymakers and researchers. accordingly, this study evaluates the economic effects of ner depreciation on the rice market, using spatial price equilibrium model. the ...

assumption of exchange rate overshooting has significant position in international macroeconomic discussion. this phenomenon is one of the abnormal behaviors of exchange rate that happen in short run. dornbusch (1976) shows that because speed of equilibrium prices is slow relative to asset markets and commodity prices are sticky in the short run, however, over time, commodity prices will rise a...

abstract this study uses gravity model to examine the most important determinants of was agricultural trade. to this aim, import and export statistics of iran agricultural products for the period 1380 to 1387 was provided from iran customs organization and other information was obtained from different internet bases. random effects estimating and hausman test ratio result in fixed effects model...

Extensive allelic diversity in variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTRs) has been discovered in the human genome. For population genetic studies of VNTRs, such as forensic applications, it is important to know whether a neutral mutation-drift balance of VNTR polymorphism can be represented by the infinite alleles model. The assumption of the infinite alleles model that each new mutant is uniqu...

In this letter, we investigate the error rate performance of free-space optical (FSO) links over strong turbulence fading channels together with misalignment (pointing error) effects. First, we present a novel closed-form expression for the distribution of a stochastic FSO channel model which takes into account both atmospheric turbulence-induced fading and misalignment-induced fading. Then, we...