American nonprofit organizations receive favorable tax treatment, including tax exemptions and tax-deductibility of contributions, in return for their devotion to charitable purposes and restrictions not to distribute profits. Recent efforts to extend some or all of these tax benefits to for-profit companies making social investments, including the creation of the new hybrid nonprofit/for-profi...

This paper examines a firm’s investment intensity and timing decisions using a real options approach. The firm is endowed with a perpetual option to invest in a project at any time by incurring an irreversible investment cost at that instant. The amount of the irreversible investment cost determines the intensity of investment with decreasing returns to scale. The project generates a stream of ...

the article establishes and analyzes periods of exemption from criminal liability, which has not previously been subjected to scientific understanding. It is concluded that stages liability are adoption consolidation decision on liability. The first stage thought process. Decisions made at this divided into primary secondary. include decisions a) taking account relevant circumstances b) type re...

This study examines the tax reductions that occurred during Koryŏ Dynasty. First, while reviewing historical sources for reduction and exemption, terms <i>kyŏn</i> (蠲), <i>kam</i> (減), <i>myŏn</i> (免), <i>pang</i> (放), <i>kyŏnmyŏn</i> (蠲免) accounted 90% of instances implied “to exempt” not relieve.” Second, reporting procedure exemptio...

Tax incentives have multiple policies, including tax exemption, accelerated depreciation, investment allowances (tax deduction, additional depreciation), discriminatory rates and other policies that are linked to rates. The exemption includes two types of exemptions, social exemptions economic which in turn divided into types, prevent double taxation, incentive work attract provide investments ...

In this paper, we investigate whether and how personal bankruptcy law a ects small rms' access to credit. When a rm is unincorporated, its debts are personal liabilities of the rm's owner, so that lending to the rm is equivalent to lending to its owner. If the rm fails, the owner has an incentive to le for personal bankruptcy in order to obtain discharge of the rm's debts. While bankruptcy law ...

Insite, established as the first supervised injection facility in North America, was a pilot project developed in 2003 in response to the rampant drug use that marked the Downtown Eastside (DTES) neighbourhood of Vancouver. Once considered a vibrant city centre, the DTES underwent a considerable economic and social downturn through the 1960s and 1970s as the downtown core migrated west. The DTE...