Explaining away is a common pattern of reasoning in which the connrma-tion of one cause of an observed or believed event reduces the need to invoke alternative causes. The opposite of explaining away also can occur, in which the connrmation of one cause increases belief in another. We provide a general qualitative probabilistic analysis of intercausal reasoning, and identify the property of the...

The text Rom 9:5 is referred to as crux interpretum in exegetical studies and considered one of the most difficult passages Letter Romans. In history exegesis, various ways interpreting eulogy 9:5c have been proposed. contemporary debate primarily whether be applied Christ or God. It has acknowledged that interpretation remains a question solve. Several points view speak for fact ὁ &#803...

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of oral hygiene instruction (OHI) on oral hygiene status and on the reduction of inducing bacteria (Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp.) in 30 subjects (12 males and 18 females) with an age range from 10 to 14 years. The patients were instructed on how to carry out effective oral hygiene close to brackets and ligatures, and in the use...

In July 2008 Lorraine Frisina sent me a note describing a conference she and others were organizing in Bremen, Germany. The conference would bring together political scientists, economists, and other social scientists in an effort to examine and explain the deep changes that were taking place in health care systems around the industrialized world. She asked whether JHPPL might be interested in ...

The world population is ageing, with the percentage of older people (over 65) gradually rising. In the UK, for example, this percentage was 24.4% in 2000 and is expected to be 39.2% by 2050 (Select Committee on Economic Affairs 2003). A similar situation applies in other developed countries, with much higher percentages forecast for some areas (e.g. 71.3% by 2050 in Japan). Clearly this will in...

Because of the necessity of lactation, mammalian mothers must perform at least a minimum amount of infant care. In cooperatively breeding species, other group members aid in all other aspects of infant care. However, some mothers continue to carry and nurse their infants more than others. The golden lion tamarin, Leontopithecus rosalia, is a small, communally breeding primate in the family Call...