What is factorial invariance? When conducting multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis, one should establish factorial invariance. If a researcher establishes factorial invariance, then he or she is measuring the same construct across groups or across time. Factorial invariance is assumed when making a comparison between groups or between time points. When doing multiple-group confirmatory f...

Drawing on self-determination theory, Mullan, Markland, and Ingledew (1997) developed the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ) to measure the continuum of behavioral regulation in exercise contexts. The BREQ assesses external, identified, introjected, and intrinsic regulations. Mullan et al. initially included a set of amotivation items but dropped these due to high levels of...

Based on role enactment theory, leadership task theory, and emerging notions of leadership as a collective process, this study examined the existence and performance correlates of collective team leadership in state department of transportation road maintenance teams. Confirmatory factor analysis (n=277) supported a hypothesized four-factor model consisting of: planning and organizing, problems...

The purpose of this study was to analyse gender-specific differences in elementary motor speed ability. The reliability of 7 tests with 15 items was investigated using intra-classcoefficients. Gender-specific differences of performance were analysed using independent samples t-tests. There were no differences between men and women in elementary motor speed. The structure of the elementary motor...

The independence of positive and negative affect has been heralded as a major and counterintuitive finding in the psychology of mood and emotion. Still, other findings support the older view that positive and negative fall at opposite ends of a single bipolar continuum. Independence versus bipolarity can be reconciled by considering (a) the activation dimension of affect, (b) random and systema...

The e-readers, devices designed primarily for reading electronic books (e-books) are a recent innovation that is being spread rapidly. Studies on the factors that affecting its adoption are scarce. The descriptive study tests empirically the new version of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT 2), on the behavioral intention to use e-readers. Data collection was done thr...

The objective of the study was to examine psychometric characteristics of the short form of the Physical-Self Description Questionnaire (PSDQ-S) in a Slovenian adolescent sample and to examine the differences in multidimensional physical selfconcept in relation to age and gender. Participants were 362 elementary and high school students (189 girls, 173 boys, Mage=15.28). Confirmatory factor ana...

The Spiritual Health And Life-Orientation Measure (SHALOM) is a 20-item instrument that assesses the quality of relationships of the respondent with self, others, the environment and/or a Transcendent Other. In the Transcendental domain, four of the five items had the words ‘God, ‘Divine’ and ‘Creator’ replaced by the word ‘Transcendent’ to make the survey more generic by removing any implied r...

Scalar invariance in factor models is important for comparing latent means. Little work has focused on invariance testing for other model parameters under various conditions. This simulation study assesses how partial factorial invariance influences invariance testing for model parameters. Type I error inflation and parameter bias were observed.

Tourism is an emerging economic sector for Malaysia. The purpose of this study is an attempt to understand the factors that attract tourists to visit Melaka State of Malaysia. The primary data were collected through questionnaire survey on 735 tourists who visited the state of Melaka, Malaysia. This study used descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modelli...