This paper provides the first look at patent litigation hazards for public firms during the 80s and 90s. Consistent with our model, litigation is more likely when prospective defendants spend more on R&D, when prospective plaintiffs acquire more patents and when firms are larger and technologically close. Public firms face dramatically increased hazards of litigation as plaintiffs and even more...

The Precambrian genesis plus Cambrian explosion scenario also implies a perplexing view of a major evolutionary radiation: a long period of cryptic speciation with increasing developmental complexity and anatomical sophistication, yet without substantial behavioural or ecological modification or diversification, followed by a sudden increase in morphological and ecological innovation. Page 1046...

The evaluation of ammunition damage power and guidance for design heavily relies on the shock wave pressure wavefront temperature produced by an explosion. However, test results are often inaccurate unreliable. Therefore, this study utilized Autodyn explicit dynamics simulation software to conduct finite element numerical simulations explosion pressure, propagation, distribution trinitrotoluene...

Objectives 1. To identify organisations involved in gas explosion research in the U.K. and Europe. 2. To survey these organisations, to determine their areas of current and proposed work. 3. To collate their responses in a report, which also provides an up to date literature review of gas explosion modelling. 4. To critically assess the strengths and weaknesses of available gas explosion models...

Behavior of blast wave in underwater explosion is of interest to metal forming community and ship designers. Underwater detonation is, also a potential hazard to the water intakes or a plant spent fuel pool. In this paper, some techniques for calculating free-field blast parameters such as pressure and impulse in underwater explosion and prediction of bubble pulsation parameters are presented a...

The sudden appearance of fossils that marks the so-called 'Cambrian explosion' has intrigued and exercised biologists since Darwin's time. In On the Origin of Species, Darwin made it clear that he believed that ancestral forms 'lived long before' their first fossil representatives. While he considered such an invisible record necessary to explain the level of complexity already seen in the foss...