We study the proposal that the cosmic ray primaries above the Greisen-ZatsepinKuzmin (GZK) cutoff are gluino-containing hadrons (g̃-hadrons). We describe the interaction of g̃-hadrons with nucleons in the framework of the Gribov-Regge approach using a modified version of the hadronic interaction model QGSJET for the generations of Extensive Air Showers (EAS). There are two mass windows marginally...

As a basis for the interpretation of data gathered by LOPES and other experiments, we have carried out Monte Carlo simulations of geosynchrotron radio emission from cosmic ray air showers. The simulations, having been verified carefully with analytical calculations, reveal a wealth of information on the characteristics of the radio signal and their dependence on specific air shower parameters. ...

The objective of this work is to report on the modifications in air shower development due to muon bremsstrahlung and muonic pair production. In order to do that we have implemented new muon bremsstrahlung and muonic pair production procedures in the AIRES air shower simulation system, and have used it to simulate ultra high energy showers in different conditions. The influence of the mentioned...

Using air showers induced by TeV γ-rays from Mrk 501, the radial distribution of Cherenkov light is investigated. The shower geometry is reconstructed from the stereoscopic shower images obtained with the telescopes of the HEGRA IACT system. With the core position known to better than 10 m, the light yield as a function of the distance to the shower axis is derived by comparing event-by-event t...

High-energy cosmic rays impinging onto the atmosphere of the Earth initiate cascades of secondary particles: extensive air showers. Many of the particles in a shower are electrons and positrons. During the development of the air shower and by interacting with the geomagnetic field, the electromagnetic cascade creates radiation, which we detect at frequencies of tens of MHz with the LOFAR radio ...

Monte Carlo simulations show that the pulse profile of Čerenkov photons measured near the core of an extensive air shower is sensitive to the secondary muon/electron ratio of the cascade. Čerenkov pulses can easily be measured with a single large area mirror viewed by a photomultiplier tube subtending a small field of view (∼ 1◦). Even for such a simple experiment, exposed to EAS from a range o...

Air shower simulations are essential for interpreting data from cosmic ray experiments. At highest energies though, a microscopic treatment of a whole shower is not possible any more, since it would require a huge amount of CPU-time. We review hybrid approaches of air shower simulation which try to overcome this problem without giving rise to artificial fluctuations as generated by the thinning...

Previous EAS investigations have shown that for a fixed primary energy the charged particle density becomes independent of the primary mass at certain (fixed) distances from the shower axis. This feature can be used as an estimator for the primary energy. We present results on the reconstruction of the primary energy spectrum of cosmic rays from the experimentally recorded S(500) observable (th...

In this study, the necessity of simulation study for exploring interactions ultra-high energy particles cosmic rays was examined. Different hadronic interaction models such as (SIBYLL, QGSJET, and EPOS) were simulated by using air showers AIRES system (version 19.04.00). Also, charged particle density Extensive Air Showers (EAS) calculated estimating lateral distribution function (LDF). Moreove...