The energy crisis in Europe and Poland caused by the conflict Ukraine has renewed debate some countries about wisdom of abandoning use local fossil fuels. rise gas oil prices with little change cost extracting lignite from open pit mines led to a consideration as cheapest source energy. This is not entirely true, level costs at power plants ignores many external that are included producers, but...

To make the transition to a low-carbon economy and sustainable transport system, solve environmental climate problems, many countries are replacing traditional cars that run on petroleum fuel with electric cars. Unlike vehicles an internal combustion engine (ICE),electric vehicles` emission from operation phase practically zero, but this is not case if we consider full life cycle. In paper, bri...

External costs that are associated with air pollution, climate change linked to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), and noise among the most important environmental externalities generated by road transport, which have been well monetized. This paper theoretically investigates effects of different traffic conditions on external urban roads where flow is more complicated than un-interrupted flows. A...