Shigella flexneri uses its type III secretion apparatus (TTSA) to deliver invasins into human cells. This TTSA possesses an external needle with IpaD at its tip. We now show that deoxycholate promotes the stable recruitment of IpaB to the needle tip without inducing a rapid burst of type III secretion. The maintenance of IpaB at the needle tip requires a stable association of IpaD with the Shig...

The chemokine, C-X-C motif ligand 13 (CXCL13), is constitutively expressed in lymphoid organs and controls the recruitment and compartmentalization of lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells within these specialized structures. Recent data, however, also show induction of this molecule under a variety of circumstances during central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. While its role(s) in the p...

Students choose information technology (IT) majors because of three interrelated attributes: personal values, academic reputation, and socio-economical influences. The study proposes that these views explain the gender gap between male and female students in IT majors. By empirically examining these different views through a field survey, our pilot study reveals that Thai female students have h...

Security and privacy researchers are increasingly conducting controlled experiments focusing on IT professionals, such as software developers and system administrators. These professionals are typically more difficult to recruit than general end-users. In order to allow for distributed recruitment of IT professionals for security user studies, we designed Developer Observatory, a browser-based ...

Physician recruitment has become increasingly competitive. Organizations that recruit physicians need to establish a systematic recruitment approach that includes determining the organization's recruitment objectives, using various recruiting sources, assessing the skills and "fit" of all candidates, explaining the benefits to candidates early in the process, checking references carefully, and ...

Purpose The objectives of this open label pilot study of the homeopathic treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are to: (1) Develop preliminary estimates of treatment effects including magnitude, direction, variability and standard deviation in order to determine potential for future study; (2) Determine the length of time and number of remedies needed to achieve a 25% red...

Experience alters behavior by producing enduring changes in the neural processes that support performance. For example, performing a specific action improves the execution of that action via changes in associated sensory and motor neural circuitry, and experience using language improves language comprehension by altering the anatomy and physiology of perisylvian neocortical brain regions. Here ...

One key event in inflammatory signaling is the activation of the initiator caspase, procaspase-1. Presented here is the crystal structure of the procaspase-1 zymogen without its caspase recruitment domain solved to 2.05 A. Although the isolated domain is monomeric in solution, the protein appeared dimeric in crystals. The loop arrangements in the dimer provide insight into the first autoproteol...

The dynamic and flexible nature of memories is evident in our ability to adopt multiple visual perspectives. Although autobiographical memories are typically encoded from the visual perspective of our own eyes they can be retrieved from the perspective of an observer looking at our self. Here, we examined the neural mechanisms of shifting visual perspective during long-term memory retrieval and...