Sir: In recent years, there have been several case reports of extrapyramidal symptoms as a result of treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). These symptoms include dystonia, akathisia, and parkinsonism. In most previously reported cases, the patients had preexisting brain diseases, but some movement disorders developed after initiation of SSRI treatment in both young hea...

Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic drug with minimal extrapyramidal toxicity, used in the management of patients who are unresponsive or intolerant to at least two different antipsychotics (McEvoy et al. 2006). Ileus is a rare but life-threatening side-effect of clozapine treatment (Palmer et al. 2008). The largest study investigating risk factors of ileus in psychotic patients showed that ...

In literature, there are more than hundred cases of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) associated with selective serotonin reuptake intibitors (SSRI) whereas EPS case reports associated with serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) are in a relatively small number. A SNRI group drug duloxetine that is used for indication of major depression since 2004 is a double acting antidepressant that...

Among the next generation of antipsychotics, aripiprazole is the molecule, which has been defined to have a special mode of action, which is the stabilization of the dopamine system. Different studies have found the incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) with this antipsychotic to be very much insignificant. Studies done so far have reported the incidence of extrapyramidal side effects to b...

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) accounts for 15-20% of all autopsy confirmed dementias in old age. Characteristic histopathological changes are intracellular Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, with abundant senile plaques but sparse neurofibrillary tangles. Core clinical features are fluctuating cognitive impairment, persistent visual hallucinations and extrapyramidal motor symptoms (parkinsonism)....

Extrapyramidal disorders are a rare presentation of multiple sclerosis. One such is paroxysmal hemidystonia. Dystonia is, in the strict sense, result damage to various sites central nervous system. In one published cases series, lesions causing dystonia occurred heterogeneous locations, most commonly basal ganglia, followed by thalamus, brainstem, and white matter. series 62 patients with thala...

Abstract Introduction Approved therapeutics for bipolar depression are associated with a range of undesirable side effects. Lumateperone (LUMA), mechanistically novel antipsychotic that simultaneously modulates serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate neurotransmission, is FDA-approved the treatment schizophrenia depressive episodes I or II disorder. The efficacy LUMA in was previously established tw...

BACKGROUND Disturbances of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated glutamatergic neurotransmission may play an important role in the pathophysiology of negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Glycine, a small nonessential amino acid, functions as an obligatory coagonist at NMDA receptors through its action at a strychnine-insensitive binding site on the NMDA receptor complex. Glycine-induced ...

AIM Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration (AHD) is an exceptional type of hepatic encephalopathies (HE). It is characterized by neuropsychiatric and extrapyramidal symptomatology similar to that seen in hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease). In this paper, we report a case of AHD with unusual presenting features. METHODS A 28-year-old man with AHD was described and the literature wa...