Understanding the forces underpinning female genital mutilation/ cutting (FGM/C) is a necessary first step to prevent the continuation of a practice that is associated with health complications and human rights violations. To this end, a systematic review of 21 studies was conducted. Based on this review, the authors reveal six key factors that underpin FGM/C: cultural tradition, sexual morals,...

A series of three articles present an innovative way to build advanced functionally graded materials (FGM) based on polymer/ceramic composites tailored by electrophoresis from the process principle their field grading application in power electronics. In this Part 2, it was studied impact a non-uniform electric high-k SrTiO3 particle organization within epoxy matrix. that purpose, DBC substrate...

Background: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a major public health problem, especially in developing countries. Method: This was a prospective observational cohort study conducted over six months duration (1st July-31st December 2015) at Omdurman Maternity Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan, primarily to determine whether exposure to FGM/C (exposed Vs. non-exposed) and degree of exposure (type III Vs....

This paper analyses Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), a traditional practice in many cultures in Africa (and countries with an African diaspora). FGM “is widely recognised as a violation of the human rights of girls and women” [1]. This paper follows mainstream academia: considering FGM as a type of violence against females – with harmful effects in both the short and long term [2]. Many researc...

OBJECTIVES In 1996, the U.S. Congress passed legislation making female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) illegal in the United States. CDC published the first estimates of the number of women and girls at risk for FGM/C in 1997. Since 2012, various constituencies have again raised concerns about the practice in the United States. We updated an earlier estimate of the number of women and girls ...

OBJECTIVE The WHO reports that female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is an ancient cultural practice prevalent in many countries. FGM/C has been reported among women resident in Australia. Our paper provides the first description of FGM/C in Australian children. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey conducted in April-June 2014. SETTING Paediatricians and other child health specialists recruite...

This paper analyses Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), a traditional practice in many cultures in Africa (and countries with an African diaspora). FGM “is widely recognised as a violation of the human rights of girls and women” [1]. This paper follows mainstream academia: considering FGM as a type of violence against females – with harmful effects in both the short and long term [2]. Many researc...

Doctors must be encouraged to report cases of female genital mutilation (FGM) to tackle what is still a woefully under-reported crime, MPs have claimed. In a report based on their follow-up inquiry on FGM published by the parliamentary Home Affairs Select Committee on 14 March, MPs said that “buck passing” for failure to prosecute the crime had to stop. The profile of FGM has risen because of t...

A series of three articles present an innovative way to build advanced functionally graded materials (FGM) based on polymer/ceramic composites tailored by electrophoresis from the process principle their field grading application in power electronics. In this Part 1, is presented and relies applying a DC voltage liquid composite compound before curing order `freeze' particles where they have be...