The critical properties of the N-color London model are studied in d=2+1 dimensions. The model is dualized to a theory of N vortex fields interacting through a Coulomb and a screened potential. The model with N=2 shows two anomalies in the specific heat. From the critical exponents alpha and nu, the mass of the gauge field, and the vortex correlation functions, we conclude that one anomaly corr...

centralizing and using proper transportation facilities cut down costs and traffic. hub facilities concentrate on flows to cause economic advantage of scale and multimodal transportation helps use the advantage of another transporter. a distinctive feature of this paper is proposing a new mathematical formulation for a three-stage p-hub location routing problem with simultaneous pick-ups and de...

We consider a special case of the general problem involving the routing of packages among vehicles in transportation networks. In this special case, the schedules of the vehicles are xed and packages are routed by transferring them between vehicles as these vehicles make stops according to their xed schedules. Since this problem is NP-Complete, we explore approximation algorithms for its soluti...

This study focuses on the molecular level interpretation of the selective gas-phase cleavage at aspartic acid residues (Asp) in protonated peptides. A phi3P+CH2C(=O)group (phi = 2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl) is attached to the N-terminal nitrogen of the selected peptides LDIFSDF and LDIFSDFR, via solid-phase synthesis, to "mimic" the tightly held charge of a protonated arginine (Arg) residue. Collisi...

We discuss a moving boundary problem arising from a model of gas ionization in the case of negligible electron diffusion and suitable initial data. It describes the time evolution of an ionization front. Mathematically, it can be considered as a system of transport equations with different characteristics for positive and negative charge densities. We show that only advancing fronts are possibl...

The membrane potentials for asymmetric membranes where fixed charges varied linearly with position were evaluated from the numerical solutions of Nernst-Planck flux and Donnan potential equations. The evaluated membrane potentials were compared with the results obtained from the conventional TMS theory where the fixed charge concentration in the membrane was assumed to be uniform. In the compar...

Signal formation in a microstructured semiconductor neutron detector is more complex than planar diode geometry. Three-dimensional microstructures are laterally smaller the ionization cloud length, and electric fields may be weak enough to exhibit plasma time effects. This work first detailed treatment of charge carrier motion these devices replicate profile signal magnitude. Simulations were p...

The electrostatic interaction between two parallel charged cylinders of arbitrary diameters a1 and a2 is studiedby solvingnumerically thenonlinearPoisson-Boltzmannequation. A limit of particular interest is that of a charged cylinder interacting with a charged plane (a1 f ∞). The interaction free energy is calculated, as a function of the separation distance between the cylinders, for either fi...