Accurate prediction of total lightning flash rate in thunderstorms is important to improve estimates of nitrogen oxides (NOx) produced by lightning (LNOx) from the storm scale to the global scale. In this study, flash rate parameterization schemes from the literature are evaluated against observed total flash rates for a sample of 11 Colorado thunderstorms, including nine storms from the Deep C...

If an observer sees a flashed (briefly presented) object that is aligned with a moving target, the perceived position of the flashed object usually lags the perceived position of the moving target. This has been referred to as the flash-lag effect, and the flash-lag effect has been suggested to reflect how an observer compensates for delays in perception that are due to neural processing times ...

Recent advances in flash memory technology have greatly enhanced the capability of flash memory to address the I/O bottleneck problem. Flash memory has exceptional I/O performance compared to the hard disk drive (HDD). The superiority of flash memory is especially visible when dealing with random read patterns. Even though the cost of flash memory is higher than that of HDD storage, the popular...

The multi-level cell (MLC) NAND flash memory technology enables multiple bits of information to be stored on a single cell, thus making it possible to increase the density of the memory without increasing the die size. For most MLC flash memories, each cell can be programmed as a single-level cell or a multi-level cell during runtime. Therefore, it has a potential to achieve both the high perfo...

Spatial databases improve the spatial query processing by employing spatial indices. Due to the advantages of flash memories over magnetic disks like faster reads and writes, there is a special interest in managing spatial indices in these memories. However, many flash memories employ a Flash Translation Layer that does not provide open access to many important statistics, restricting the perfo...

SIGNIFICANCE Recent breakthroughs in mitochondrial research have advanced, reshaped, and revolutionized our view of the role of mitochondria in health and disease. These discoveries include the development of novel tools to probe mitochondrial biology, the molecular identification of mitochondrial functional proteins, and the emergence of new concepts and mechanisms in mitochondrial function re...

Limulus ventral photoreceptors were voltage clamped to the resting (dark) potential and stimulated by a 20-ms test flash and a 1-s conditioning flash. At a constant level of adaptation, we measured the response to the test flash given in the dark (control) and the incremental response produced when the test flash occurred within the duration of the conditioning flash. The incremental response i...

The wear leveling is a critical factor which significantly impacts the lifetime and the performance of flash storage systems. To extend lifespan and reduce memory requirements, this paper proposed an efficient wear leveling without substantially increasing overhead and without modifying Flash Translation Layer (FTL) for huge-capacity flash storage systems, which is based on selective replacemen...

NAND-flash storage is a preferred method to accelerate I/O intensive applications because of its high throughput and fast random-read performance. However, the high cost per GB of flash, relative to magnetic disks, prevents large datacenters from moving their data entirely onto the flash media. Normally, limited amounts of flash is used “in front of” magnetic storage to speed up accesses to the...

Currently, two different solutions for filesystems on flash storage exist: Flash Translation Layers in combination with traditional filesystems and log-structured flash file systems. This paper analyzes the weaknesses of both approaches and derives a number of requirements that help avoiding these weaknesses. Finally the basic concept of a tree structured flash file system fulfilling all of the...