Proline utilization A (PutA) is a bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of proline to glutamate. Structures of type A PutAs have revealed the catalytic core consisting of proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) and Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P5CDH) modules connected by a substrate-channeling tunnel. Type B PutAs also have a C-terminal domain of unknown function (CTDUF) that is...

Dielectric losses were measured for lysozyme powders of varied hydration level by a dielectric-gravimetric technique in the frequency range of 10 kHz to 10 MHz. The relaxation showed an isotope effect and pH dependence, indicating that the inferred conductivity is protonic. The transport process is likely restricted to the surface of individual macromolecules and involves shifting of protons be...

Systematic simulations are carried out based on the model of fluidized beds proposed by the present authors [K.Ichiki and H.Hayakawa, Phys. Rev. E 52, 658 (1995)]. From our simulation, we confirm that fluidization is a continuous transition. We also confirm the existence of two types of fluidized phases, the channeling phase and the bubbling phase. We find the close relations between the averag...

The bifunctional flavoenzyme proline utilization A (PutA) catalyzes the two-step oxidation of proline to glutamate using separate proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) and l-glutamate-γ-semialdehyde dehydrogenase active sites. Because PutAs catalyze sequential reactions, they are good systems for studying how metabolic enzymes communicate via substrate channeling. Although mechanistically similar, PutA...

Tight oil reservoirs tend to contain more natural fractures, and the presence of fractures leads a greater stress sensitivity in tight reservoirs. It is very challenging task model seepage volume fracturing horizontal wells considering stress-sensitive effects. Based on Laplace transform, Perturbation transform Stefest numerical inversion, this paper establishes well for fractured This allows u...

The CP29 light harvesting complex from green plants is a pigment-protein complex believed to collect, conduct, and quench electronic excitation energy in photosynthesis. We have spectroscopically determined the relative angle between electronic transition dipole moments of its chlorophyll excitation energy transfer pairs in their local protein environments without relying on simulations or an X...

Forced convection in a tube with its core partially filled with a porous medium is treated both analytically and numerically to find its high heat transfer performance. Assuming a fully developed flow subject to a constant heat flux, both friction factor and Nusselt number are presented explicitly as functions of the Reynolds number, Darcy number and porous core diameter ratio. Partial filling ...

BACKGROUND Channeling bias may occur when a newly marketed drug and an established drug, despite similar indications, are prescribed to patients with different prognostic characteristics (ie, confounding). AIM To investigate channeling bias and its impact on relative effectiveness of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs versus basal insulin and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) ve...

Cells with high and fluctuating energy demands such as cardiomyocytes need efficient systems to link energy production to energy utilization. This is achieved in part by compartmentalized energy transfer enzymes such as creatine kinase (CK). However, hearts from CK-deficient mice develop normal cardiac function under conditions of moderate workload. We have therefore investigated whether a dire...

BACKGROUND Helium ion microscopy is a new high-performance alternative to classical scanning electron microscopy. It provides superior resolution and high surface sensitivity by using secondary electrons. RESULTS We report on a new contrast mechanism that extends the high surface sensitivity that is usually achieved in secondary electron images, to backscattered helium images. We demonstrate ...