H ow do proteins fold spontaneously? The quest to answer this question has led to significant developments on theoretical, experimental, and computational fronts in the last decade (1–7). A combination of approaches has provided a detailed understanding of the nature of pathways and the transition states that the polypeptide chain encounters as it traverses the rugged energy landscape. Even as ...

The double-ringed GroEL chaperone complex is well-known for capturing partially folded proteins and confi ning them within its central cavity to facilitate folding. GroEL is especially important to proteins that have a complex folding pattern, such as Rubisco. A prominent model of GroEL function suggests that the chaperone fi rst partially unfolds its substrate, disrupting misfolded and inhibit...

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Vocal fold paralysis (VFP) is a relatively common cause of stridor and dysphonia in the paediatric population. This report summarises our experience with VFP in the paediatric age group. METHODS All patients presenting with vocal fold paralysis over a 12-month period were included. Medical charts were revised retrospectively. The diagnosis was performed by flexible...

Skin folds and pneumothorax can often be confused on chest radiographs. We present the chest X-ray (Fig. 1 A) of a 71-yearold man with cancer who presented due to a deterioration in his general health status, where a skin fold was observed in the left hemithorax. Computed tomography (B) confirmed the absence of pneumothorax. The skin fold (A) appears as an interface (arrowhead) in the lung fiel...