Previous experiments showed reduction of basal metabolic rate (BMR) in birds facing energetic challenges. We alternately exposed two groups of red knots (Calidris canutus) to either 6 h or 22 h of food availability for periods of 22 d. Six h of access to food led to a 6%-10% loss of body mass over the first 8 d, with nearly all of the birds' daily energy expenditures supported by body nutrient ...

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract and associated organs are some of the most metabolically active tissues in an animal. Hence, when facing food shortages or poor food quality, an animal may reduce the size and function of their GI tract to conserve energy. We investigated the effects of prolonged starvation and varying food quality on the structure and function of the GI tract in a detritivorous ...

1. Introduction: Legacy of food insecurity in Malawi Reports of a devastating famine in Malawi first surfaced as rumors whispered in rural areas in the country around October 2001. However, little was done by way of action. Government officials in Lilongwe and members of the donor community were hard pressed to believe or act on the problem even as civil society groups such as the Malawi Econom...

Food sharing is a human universal trait that forms the centerpiece of economic and social life in hunter-gatherer societies. Human livelihoods require sharing at all life stages: to support infancy, childhood, and adolescence, and to help reduce risk of daily food shortfalls in adulthood. Attempts to understand the evolved human life history require an examination of the conditions that led to ...

AIM Cows on smallholder dairy farms (SDF) in developing countries such as Kenya typically produce volumes of milk that are well below their genetic potential. An epidemiological study was conducted to determine reasons for this low milk production, including limited use of best management practices, such as suboptimal nutritional management. METHODS An observational cross-sectional study of 1...

Tuberculosis (TB) disease is treated in most cases with a regimen of several drugs taken for 6-9 months. Currently, 10 drugs are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of TB. Of these, the four drugs that form the core for first-line treatment regimens are isoniazid (INH), rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. In November 2012, the United States began to experience a...

Objective: Shortages of medicinal products are complex global problems. Drug shortages remain a significant public health issue. Global medical have potential effect on patient and total healthcare costs. Countries worldwide, especially those affected by Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is experiencing rapid increase in drug shortage, which causes several complications for physicians, care ...

Drug shortages have increasingly been a problem for pharmacists and clinicians over the past decade. Clinicians need to be aware of the various causes of drug shortages and the issues that may arise as a result, particularly as they relate to medication safety. Numerous resources and strategies are available to mitigate the effects of drug shortages, and clinicians should work with their health...

BACKGROUND Benzathine penicillin G (BPG) is the only recommended treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission of syphilis. Due to recent reports of country-level shortages of BPG, an evaluation was undertaken to quantify countries that have experienced shortages in the past 2 years and to describe factors contributing to these shortages. METHODS AND FINDINGS Country-level data about BPG ...