OBJECTIVE Update breastfeeding indicators trend in Brazil for the last three decades, incorporating more up-to-date information from the National Health Survey. METHODS We used secondary data from national surveys with information on breastfeeding (1986, 1996, 2006, and 2013) to construct the time series of prevalence for the following indicators: exclusive breastfeeding in children under six...

In Finland the role of the industrial designer has changed with time. When the professional practice of industrial design first started to form, the designer was a creator whose work was likened to that of the artist. In the sixties designers started to work in closer cooperation with the industry, and the designer became a member of a team together with the engineer and the marketing represent...

telligence was conceived in the last two decades of the 20th century: Frames of Mind, Gardner (1983); Beyond IQ, Sternberg (1985); The Bell Curve, Herrnstein and Murray (1994); and Emotional Intelligence, Goleman (1995). Gardner’s book, the first of them all, did not cause any particular stir on its publication, and remained discreetly in the background. That of Sternberg raised some dust due t...

BACKGROUND The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners Guidelines for preventive activities in general practice (the 'red book') are now more than 20 years old. Therefore it is an important juncture to reflect on their appropriateness and implementation, and how they can be improved in future editions. OBJECTIVE This review analyses the guidelines and their development against crite...

The quote above from the poem Ithaka by K. Kavafis is based on Homer’s Odyssey (8th century BC) and focuses on Odysseus’ journey to return to his kingdom in Ithaka (Greek: Ιθάκη, Ithaki) after the Troy war. Odysseus encounters numerous challenges, hardships, setbacks, but also beautiful new experiences, knowledge, and wisdom during this long voyage. Kavafis describes a journey that is both Odys...

The innate immune system must recognize and rapidly respond to microbial pathogens, providing a first line of host defense. This is accomplished through an array of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that reside in specific subcellular compartments and can bind pathogen-associated molecular patterns. PRRs also recognize self-molecules that are released after cell damage or death, known as dan...

BACKGROUND Data exploring the potential use of effector molecules produced by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in the immunodiagnostics of tuberculosis (TB) are scarce. The present study focused a) to gain an insight into the discriminatory power of CTLs in patients with acute pulmonary or extra-pulmonary TB, or latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI); and b) to evaluate the influence of various ant...