For a connected graph G = (V,E), a set W ⊆ V is called a Steiner set of G if every vertex of G is contained in a Steiner W -tree of G. The Steiner number s(G) of G is the minimum cardinality of its Steiner sets and any Steiner set of cardinality s(G) is a minimum Steiner set of G. For a minimum Steiner set W of G, a subset T ⊆ W is called a forcing subset for W if W is the unique minimum Steine...

[1] We utilize energy budget diagnostics from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) to evaluate the models’ climate forcing since preindustrial times employing an established regression technique. The climate forcing evaluated this way, termed the adjusted forcing (AF), includes a rapid adjustment term associated with cloud changes and other tropospheric and land-surface cha...

The study of climate and climate change is hindered by a lack of information on the effect of clouds on the radiation balance of the earth, referred to as the cloud-radiative forcing. Quantitative estimates of the global distributions of cloud-radiative forcing have been obtained from the spaceborne Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) launched in 1984. For the April 1985 period, the global...

CO 2 forcing is defined as the initial change in heating rate, with no feedbacks included, that is the direct response to an increase in the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. We have conducted a study of the effects of surface temperature and clouds on the CO2 forcing, based on use of the Colorado State University general circulation model. We report results from a pair of perpetual July sim...

This study proposes a new forcing scheme suitable for massively-parallel finite-difference simulations of steady isotropic turbulence. The proposed forcing scheme, named reduced-communication forcing (RCF), is based on the idea of the conventional large-scale forcing, but requires much less data communication, leading to a high parallel efficiency. It has been confirmed that the RCF works intri...

Nine different global models with detailed aerosol modules have independently produced instantaneous direct radiative forcing due to anthropogenic aerosols. The anthropogenic impact is derived from the difference of two model simulations with prescribed aerosol emissions, one for present-day and one for pre-industrial conditions. The difference in the solar energy budget at the top of the atmos...

In 1987, the function chart "GRAFCET" was endowed with two new concepts intended to supplement the IEC 848 Standard : the macro-step and the forcing order. In this paper, our field of interest is the forcing order and more particularly the hierarchy between partial grafcets which is engendered. Initially, we describe the basic principles of the forcing order and of the hierarchical structure of...

We show that (under MA) for any c many dense sets in Laver forcing L there exists a ff-centered Q Ç L such that all the given dense sets are dense in Q . In particular, MA implies that L satisfies MA and does not collapse the continuum and the additivity of the Laver ideal is the continuum. The same is true for Miller forcing and for Mathias forcing. In the case of Miller forcing this involves ...

Observations of quantum turbulence in pure superfluid 4He in a rotating container are reported. Large-scale forcing through rotational oscillations of the cubic container and detecting of turbulence via monitoring ion transport along the axis of rotation were used. Near the axial walls, with increasing forcing the vortex tangle grows without an observable threshold. This tangle gradually develo...

The Levy-Solovay Theorem [LevSol67] limits the kind of large cardinal embeddings that can exist in a small forcing extension. Here I announce a generalization of this theorem to a broad new class of forcing notions. One consequence is that many of the forcing iterations most commonly found in the large cardinal literature create no new weakly compact cardinals, measurable cardinals, strong card...