Muscle produces force by forming cross-bridges, using energy released from ATP. While the magnitude and duration of force production primarily determine the energy requirement, nearly a century ago Fenn observed that muscle shortening or lengthening influenced energetic cost of contraction. When work is done by the muscle, the energy cost is increased and when work is done on the muscle the ene...

The ability to work in productive groups is critical for success in the software industry, thus computer science students must be given the opportunity to work in productive groups. However, forming productive groups is difficult. A promising new way to form student groups is to use a web application to collect information from individual students and then use an algorithm to form the groups. T...

First principles density functional calculations have been carried out to determine the structures and conformational energies of a series of liquid-crystal fragment molecules. The calculations have been used to derive a molecular mechanics force field that describes a subset of commonly occurring liquid-crystal molecules. The force field has been used to carry out molecular dynamics simulation...

HEALTH OP THE TROOPS FORMING THE VITAKRI FIELD FORCE. By Surgeon H. J. Yeld, 15th Bengal Cavalry. The report on the health of the Vitakri Field Force, which appeared in the January number of the Indian Medical Gazette, showed the sickness amongst the troops to the end of July only. The months of August, Sep tember and October showed an increasing rate of sickness, and the following figures have...

The atomic force microscope (AFM) is widely used in biological sciences due to its ability to perform imaging experiments at high resolution in a physiological environment, without special sample preparation such as fixation or staining. AFM is unique, in that it allows single molecule information of mechanical properties and molecular recognition to be gathered. This review sets out to identif...

Polymeric film-forming systems for dermal drug delivery represent an advantageous alternative to more conventional topically applied formulations. Their mechanical properties and homogeneity can be characterised with atomic force microscopy (AFM), using both imaging and nanoindentation modes, and Raman micro-spectroscopy mapping. Film-forming polymers, with and without a plasticizer and/or beta...

Maneuverable, high aspect ratio poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) fibers are fabricated for use as cellular force probes that can interface with individual pseudopod adhesive contact sites without forming unintentional secondary contacts to the cell. The straight fibers have lengths between 5 and 40 μm and spring constants in the 0.07-23.2 nN μm(-1) range. The spring constants of these ...

An electrostatic-barrier-forming window (EBW) was devised to capture airborne pollen, which can cause allergic pollinosis. The EBW consisted of three layers of insulated conductor wires (ICWs) and two voltage generators that supplied negative charges to the two outer ICW layers and a positive charge to the middle ICW layer. The ICWs generated an attractive force that captured pollen of the Japa...