This study examines potential designs in the usage of synchronous computer-mediated communication (SCMC) for communicative language learning in learner-centered communication. In this study, we compared four types of SCMC: text-based chat with and without interlocutors’ image, video conferencing, and audio conferencing, each supporting of the use of formulaic expressions concerning communicatio...

Language provides a wealth of stock images and formulaic expressions to speakers who wish to describe a topic in figurative terms. Speakers can also craft their own similes and metaphors, and frequently do, but their most creative efforts run the risk of being misunderstood. Ironic comparisons, in particular, can mistakenly impart the very opposite of what a speaker intends, by virtue of superf...

A key problem in the description of language structure is to explain its contradictory properties of specificity and generality, the contrasting poles of formulaic prescription and generative productivity. I argue that this is possible if we accept analogy and similarity as the basic mechanisms of structural definition. As a specific example I discuss how it would be possible to use analogy to ...

Drawing on media economics and critical theory and political economy, this paper will provide a critical reading of the blockbuster video game. While blockbuster games are considered to be highly innovative by constantly pushing technological boundaries, they are also considered to be formulaic and its themes and game mechanics fairly predictable. The hit-driven nature of contemporary console p...

Although qualitative methods, grounded theory included, cannot be reduced to formulaic procedures, research tools can clarify the process. The authors discuss two instruments supporting grounded theory analysis and interpretation using two examples from doctoral students. The conditional relationship guide contextualizes the central phenomenon and relates categories linking structure with proce...

abstractthis study aimed to shed light on young iranian efl students’ oral proficiency improvement through explicit instruction of formulaic sequences (fss). this pretest-posttest quasi experimental study was conducted in a bilingual school in shahrekord, iran. accordingly, based on actfl opi test, two groups of low intermediate students with age range of 11 to 12 were chosen to be assigned as ...

This article presents JIG, a system for improvisation on jazz ballads. It was described previously in a Master’s Thesis [4]. JIG generates so called ’formulaic’ improvisations. It uses constraints, in combination with probability-driven randomness to generate note-attributes. In this way, numerous different improvisations can be generated on a single song. JIG has been incorporated in SaxEx, a ...