OBJECTIVE To use forward dynamic simulations of forward and backward pedaling in order to determine whether backward pedaling offers theoretical advantages over forward pedaling to rehabilitate common knee disorders.DESIGN. A comparison of knee joint loads was performed during forward and backward pedaling.BACKGROUND. Pedaling has been shown to be an effective rehabilitation exercise for a vari...

Since the beginning of 2008 economic crisis, growth and development have been in forefront research. In a global context, highest levels poverty as well malnutrition problems are found sub-Saharan African countries. Social Accounting Matrices (SAMs) useful tools to describe situation these countries, interactions among agents support policymakers implementing their policies. The paper shows mac...

Backward running has long been used in sports conditioning programs and has recently been incorporated into rehabilitative settings as a method of increasing quadriceps strength while decreasing the joint compressive forces about the knee. Although backward locomotion has been studied kinetically, the metabolic cost of backward walking and/or running has not to our knowledge been previously cha...