This paper presents a continental-scale phenologica l analysis o f African savannas and woodlands. We app ly an array o f synerg is tic ve g e ta tio n and hyd ro log ica l data records from sate llite rem ote sensing and m ode l s im u la tions to exp lo re the in fluence o f ra iny season t im in g and d u ra tio n on reg iona l land surface ph e no lo g y and ecosystem structu re . We fin d ...

In this paper‎, ‎we have shown that the coset diagrams for the‎ ‎action of a linear-fractional group $Gamma$ generated by the linear-fractional‎ ‎transformations $r:zrightarrow frac{z-1}{z}$ and $s:zrightarrow frac{-1}{2(z+1)}$ on‎ ‎the rational projective line is connected and transitive‎. ‎By using coset diagrams‎, ‎we have shown that $r^{3}=s^{4}=1$ are defining relations for $Gamma$‎. ‎Furt...

The aim of this research note is to prove the following new transformation formula begin{equation*} (1-x)^{-2a},_{3}F_{2}left[begin{array}{ccccc} a, & a+frac{1}{2}, & d+1 & & \ & & & ; & -frac{4x}{(1-x)^{2}} \ & c+1, & d & & end{array}right] \ =,_{4}F_{3}left[begin{array}{cccccc} 2a, & 2a-c, & a-A+1, & a+A+1 & & \ & & & & ; & -x \ & c+1, & a-A, & a+A & & end{array} right], end{equation*} wher...

Let $G$ be a finite and simple graph with edge set $E(G)$‎. ‎The revised Szeged index is defined as‎ ‎$Sz^{*}(G)=sum_{e=uvin E(G)}(n_u(e|G)+frac{n_{G}(e)}{2})(n_v(e|G)+frac{n_{G}(e)}{2}),$‎ ‎where $n_u(e|G)$ denotes the number of vertices in $G$ lying closer to $u$ than to $v$ and‎ ‎$n_{G}(e)$ is the number of‎ ‎equidistant vertices of $e$ in $G$‎. ‎In this paper...

‎Let $G$ be a graph without an isolated vertex‎, ‎the normalized Laplacian matrix $tilde{mathcal{L}}(G)$‎ ‎is defined as $tilde{mathcal{L}}(G)=mathcal{D}^{-frac{1}{2}}mathcal{L}(G)mathcal{D}^{-frac{1}{2}}$‎, where ‎$mathcal{D}$ ‎is a‎ diagonal matrix whose entries are degree of ‎vertices ‎‎of ‎$‎G‎$‎‎. ‎The eigenvalues of‎ $tilde{mathcal{L}}(G)$ are ‎called as ‎the ‎normalized Laplacian eigenva...

Bell's degree-variance Var$!{}_{B}$ for a graph $G$, with the degree sequence ($d_1,d_2,cdots,d_n$) and size $m$, is defined as$Var!_{B} (G)=frac{1}{n} sum _{i=1}^{n}left[d_{i} -frac{2m}{n}right]^{2}$.In this paper, a new version of the irregularity measures of variance-type, denoted by $Var_q$, is introduced and discussed. Based on a comparative study, it is demonstrated that the n...

UNLABELLED Filamentous, heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria exchange nutrients and regulators between cells for diazotrophic growth. Two alternative modes of exchange have been discussed involving transport either through the periplasm or through septal junctions linking adjacent cells. Septal junctions and channels in the septal peptidoglycan are likely filled with septal junction complexes. Whil...