This paper introduces a variant of the ADALINE in which the input signals are normalized to have zero mean and unit variance, and in which the bias or “threshold weight” is learned slightly differently. These changes result in a linear learning element that learns much more efficiently and rapidly, and that is much less dependent on the choice of the step-size parameter. Using simulation experi...

We assess the random and systematic uncertainties affecting the central England temperature (CET) record since 1878 on daily, monthly and annual time scales. The largest contribution to uncertainty in CET on all these time scales arises from areal sampling, followed for annual and monthly CET by thermometer calibration. For the daily series, random thermometer precision and screen errors are th...

In 2010, the Ministry of Education of one of the most diverse provinces in Canada initiated the implementation of a support program for newcomer students to facilitate their academic, linguistic, social, and cultural adaptation in French speaking schools. This longitudinal multiple case study will document how immigrant parents support their children’s learning, and create a home environment co...

BACKGROUND Current medical daily practice relies on guidelines, protocols and procedures (GPPs), which require exploitation. However, diagnosis, treatment, risk management and process improvements require exploration. Physician are often unable to switch between exploitation and exploration. This study tested a new approach to facilitate switching that included (1) a new 'thinking protocol' tha...

While supply chain (SC) exploitation and exploration have been playing an increasingly important role in supply chain management, there is a dearth of research examining their antecedents and outcomes. In this research, we examine how SC exploitation and exploration impact firm performance. Specifically, drawing upon the boundary spanning theory, we theorize how top management, as boundary span...