Tunnels located in cold regions are vulnerable to frost damage resulting from the special atmosphere, which directly threatens safety of tunnel structure and operation. Frost problems tunnels have not been fundamentally resolved. This paper reviews design theory mitigation techniques currently used design, construction maintenance region tunnels. The depths freezing thawing heaving force key in...

Abstract Permafrost and seasonally frozen ground are important surface features in highlatitudes. Because of this, a soil-frost parameterization was added to the Penn State University/NCAR mesoscale meteorological model MM5 in combination with the well validated hydro-thermodynamic soil vegetation scheme HTSVS, which takes into account among other things soil freezing and thawing. Reanalysis of...