Abstract A series of sulfated aluminum oxides (S-Al 2 O 3 ), investigated as an electrolyte additive in Nafion membranes, was synthesized via three different methods: (i) sol–gel sulfation starting from alkoxide precursor, (ii) room temperature fumed oxide, and (iii) hydrothermal oxide. Through the characterization S-Al by means X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), infrare...